5 Key excerpts on "Housing Law"

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  Affordable and Social Housing

  Policy and Practice

  • Paul Reeves(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  5   Housing Law

  Keywords: introduction to Housing Law; Housing Law in context; introduction to the English and other UK legal systems; homelessness and allocations; Decent Homes and the 2004 Housing Act fitness system; landlord and tenant – public sector; landlord and tenant – private sector; repairs and maintenance; consultation and regeneration; human rights; standards and regulation; Localism Act; scope for Housing Law reform.

  Introduction

  Housing Law is a vast subject, and this book can only hope to cover the rudiments, although there is ample reference to legislation elsewhere in context. It is necessary to regulate the balance of power between landlords and tenants, if only for clarity, transparency and to rectify the obvious imbalance of influence between the parties. Law is essentially a regulatory and normative system which reflects the views of established society as regards the rights and wrongs of human conduct, and housing illustrates quite a few of these areas. Consider the position of landlord and tenant in an unregulated context: landlords could demand any level of rent they pleased, and evict summarily on non-payment, and tenants could refuse to pay the rent for any number of reasons free from regulated enforcement. There has always been some form of law regulating the behaviour of landlords and tenants: it is wholly justifiable, and there is little point in contemplating at great length what the world would be like without it.

  The main branches of Housing Law concern the relationship between landlord and tenant (contract law in the main, although the law of tort, public law and criminal law do come into the picture), the law of property as it relates to ownership, and that relating to the condition of property. There are also important areas of the law which relate to access to housing, homelessness and resident involvement. This chapter will look at key themes only, and suggest further reading and study so that readers can acquire a full and useful knowledge of the subject.

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  Law for Social Workers

  • Caroline Ball, Ann McDonald(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Part VLegal Issues for Clients Passage contains an image

  Chapter 16 Housing

  Modern Housing Law is about the right of an occupier not to be unreasonably deprived of his/her home and only to pay a fair rent for it, the efforts of landlords to let out their property at the greatest profit and yet retain the greatest freedom of disposal of it, and the rules of law which determine the rights and wrongs of a particular situation and interprets the application of statute law to particular arrangements.

  It is often confusing to a layperson that, technically, the law is still concerned with the land on which buildings stand rather than the houses, flats, garages or factories which are the subject of the vendor or purchaser’s interest.

  Housing Law is a vast and complex subject about which few social workers have or need detailed knowledge, but there are three topics about which social workers need sufficient knowledge to advise their clients or help them to get appropriate advice. These are:

  1. eviction;
  2. unlawful eviction and harassment; and
  3. homelessness (Housing Act 1996, Part VII).

  Following a brief introduction to the different relationships that may exist between individuals and the ‘land’ (including any building on that land) that they occupy to set them in context, these topics will be looked at in more detail.

  An individual may:

  1. own the land – as a freehold owner; or
  2. have exclusive use of the land for a slice of time in return for payment or services, as tenant; or
  3. have permission to be on the land as a licensee without having a tenancy (as are guests in hotels, students in college, residents in homes, patients in hospital and so on); or
  4. be on the land without permission as a trespasser.

  The occupier’s rights and duties are determined by his/her relationship to the land. In particular, the distinction between a tenant and a licensee

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  Contemporary Housing Issues in a Globalized World

  • Padraic Kenna(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Housing Law, Rights and Policy (Dublin, Clarus Press 2011) Ch. 8.

  3 Although the UN – Habitat Reports – UN-Habitat UNHRP Report Series, No 3, National Housing Rights Legislation (3rd edn) (HS/638/01E) (UNHRP, Nairobi, 2006); UN-Habitat UNHRP Report Series, No 1, Housing Rights Legislation: Review of International and National Legal Instruments (HS/638/01E) (UNHRP, Nairobi, 2002) provide an overview many new constitutions have emerged since that research was undertaken.

  At the international level, housing rights are embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights4 at Article 25(1) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) at Article 11(1).5 In the European context, housing provisions are anchored in the Council of Europe’s European Social Charter (ESC) (Part I, principle 31), Articles 15(3), 16, 19(4), 30 and 31 (1961, revised 1996).6 Article 13 of the European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (1977) also provides for housing rights for this particular social group7 . In addition, some rights established under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) (1950) have indirect implications for housing rights.8

  4

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  The Idea of Home in Law

  Displacement and Dispossession

  • Lorna Fox O'Mahony, James A. Sweeney(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  16 In this regard it could probably be said that the law regarding eviction has recently been developed or reformed more or less successfully under the influence of human rights and constitutional law, to a point where arbitrary and grossly unfair evictions are largely prohibited or restrained; where all occupiers of residential property enjoy a certain minimum of procedural protection against eviction; and where tenants and some other lawful occupiers cannot be evicted before the legal basis of their occupation has been terminated lawfully and fairly. In addition, eviction can in certain exceptional cases be prevented permanently or postponed temporarily, regardless of the legality of the occupation and the relative rights of the parties, purely because of justice considerations related to the social and economic context or the personal circumstances of the occupiers.

  Moral, social and doctrinal justifications for these reforms of eviction law have been proposed and discussed over the last few decades. However, my goal in this article is not to discuss the development of eviction law under the influence of human rights instruments and standards, important and fascinating as that subject is.17 For the present, I will simply take it as given that substantial progress has been made in this area and that eviction from residential property is now significantly restrained by constitutional and statutory conditions and requirements. Instead, I wish to focus on instances where residential occupiers are evicted specifically by the state18 and where the state justifies the eviction of individuals and communities from residential property with an appeal to supposedly stronger or more urgent state interests, in a way that might in the long run indirectly undermine the progress that has been made in statutory law regarding eviction of tenants and unlawful occupiers or squatters. From this perspective, the state sometimes relies on and makes use of legislation and common law – and even constitutional and human rights law – not to regulate and impose controls upon eviction, but to reach exactly the opposite effect, namely to facilitate eviction in cases where it is in the interests of the state to vacate (specifically residential)19 premises regardless of the socio-economic context, the personal circumstances of the occupiers or the effect that eviction may have on the occupiers. More specifically, I am interested in instances where the state uses its powers (either of expropriation or of land use regulation) to evict (lawful or unlawful) residential occupiers of land in order to clear the land for purposes of economic development or more beneficial use.20

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  Multifamily Housing Development Handbook

  • Adrienne Schmitz(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Urban Land Institute

    (Publisher)

  Bridgecourt in Emeryville, California, uses traditional stucco in new ways. McLarand, Vasquez & Partners

  4. The Regulatory and Legal Context for Multifamily Housing

  Municipal, state, and federal agencies all impose stringent regulations on residential projects. These regulations have evolved over many years, and they have often been the result of efforts to reduce the presence of discrimination, unsafe conditions, or the negative impacts of development on neighborhoods and the environment. Today, the approvals process can be one of the longest and most onerous parts of the overall development process. The increase in regulatory examination means that developers have to spend more time studying the development site to ensure that the contemplated development concept is actually feasible. It also means that it is incumbent on developers and builders to understand the relevant legislation governing residential development and to do their best to comply with the rules.

  Fair Housing, Accessibility, and Opportunity

  The Civil Rights Act of 1968 gave the federal government the primary role of ensuring equal opportunity in and access to housing. Since the passage of the 1968 legislation, the role of HUD, the federal agency vested with jurisdiction over fair housing, has been expanded greatly. From a passive recipient of complaints by those whose rights under the fair Housing Law had allegedly been violated, HUD was transformed into an active investigative agency, initiating its own research into the presence and scope of discrimination and other violations of fair housing practices.

  Other federal agencies participate in guaranteeing equal housing opportunity and access to protected classes of citizens. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has become an advocate for access to housing for the many disabled American veterans since the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. The U.S. Department of Justice takes an active role in fair housing; the Attorney General may file suit in federal district court if there is reason to believe that a systematic pattern of housing discrimination exists.

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