Electronics

8 Key excerpts on "Electronics"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  BTEC National Engineering

  • Mike Tooley, Lloyd Dingle(Authors)
  • 2010(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  445 BTEC National Engineering. DOI: Copyright © 2010 Mike Tooley and Lloyd Dingle. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 10.1016/B978-0-12-382202-4.00006-4 Electrical and Electronic Principles I n today’s world, electricity is something that we all take for granted. So, before we get started, it is worth thinking about what electricity means to you and, more importantly, how it affects your life. Think, for a moment, about where and how electricity is used in your home, car, workplace or college. You will quickly conclude that electricity is a means of providing heat, light, motion and sound. You should also conclude that electricity is invisible – we only know that it is there by looking at what it does! Closely related to electricity is the world of Electronics in which devices such as transistors and integrated circuit ‘microchips’ operate using tiny electric charges and electrons in motion. Electronics underpins the operation of a wide variety of consumer electronic equipment such as CD and DVD players, TV receivers, computers and mobile phones. In addition, cars, motorbikes, aircraft, trains and ships all rely on electronic equipment for their safe operation. For example, a modern aircraft could not even get off the ground without the aid of the electronic systems that control its engines, operate its flight control systems, provide communications with the ground and with other aircraft, and operate the radar and other navigation aids. When you have completed this unit you will have an understanding of fundamental electrical and electronic principles and you will be able to apply this to a variety of simple electronic circuits using components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers and diodes. You will be able to apply circuit theory to determine the voltage, current and resistance and an electric circuit and you will understand how components work together in simple timing and rectifier circuits.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Basic Electronics

  Principles and Applications

  • Chinmoy Saha, Arindam Halder, Debarati Ganguly(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronics: Basic Ideas 1.1 INTRODUCTION Electronics, evolved from the word ‘electron’ (a sub-atomic particle carrying negative charge), is the branch of science and engineering dealing with the study, design and use of devices that depend on the conduction of electricity through vacuum, gas or semiconductor, contributed by the transport phenomenon of the electrons. Earlier, Electronics or Electronics engineering used to be considered as an integral part of electrical engineering. However, due to the tremendous growth of Electronics and its unprecedented applications in various fields over the last few decades, it has evolved as a separate branch of engineering. In addition, due to its widespread application in almost all possible branches of engineering and science, acquiring basic understanding of Electronics and fundamentals of electronic devices has become a common requirement for students of all engineering disciplines. Before we discuss the details of the preliminary concepts required to understand the basic ideas of Electronics, let us have a look at the chronological growth of modern Electronics: 1850: Geissler, a German scientist, demonstrated the flow of electric current through a vacuum glass tube. 1878: Sir William Crookes, a British scientist, showed how current in vacuum tubes appears to consist of particles. 1890: Perrin, a French physicist, demonstrated that current in vacuum tube is due to the movement of negatively charged particles. 1897: Sir J. J. Thomson, a British physicist, measured some of the properties of the “negatively charged particle” (cathode ray) contributing to current in vacuum tube (named as cathode ray tube). He concluded that these particles are much smaller than atoms possessing high specific charge (charge to mass ratio). Thus, he is credited with the discovery of the first sub-atomic particle (later named as electron).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Understanding DC Circuits

  • Dale Patrick, Stephen Fardo(Authors)
  • 1999(Publication Date)
  • Newnes

    (Publisher)

  Unit 1

  Basics of DC Electronics

  Electronics is a fascinating science that we use in many different ways. It is difficult to count the many ways in which we use Electronics each day. It is important for everyone today to understand Electronics.

  This unit deals with the most basic topics in the study of Electronics. These include basic electric systems, energy and power, the structure of matter, electric charges, static electricity, electric current, voltage, and resistance. This unit and other units have definitions of important terms at the beginning. Preview these terms to gain a better understanding of what is discussed in the unit. As you study the unit, return to the definitions whenever the need arises. There are also self-examinations throughout the unit and a unit examination at the end of each unit. These will aid in understanding the material in the unit. Several experiments are suggested at the end of each unit. They may be completed in a laboratory or at home at low cost.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Electronics Engineer's Reference Book

  • L. W. Turner(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Butterworth-Heinemann

    (Publisher)

  2 HISTORY OF Electronics In 1897 Sir J. J. Thomson confirmed the existence of the electron as a negative charge of electricity; the word electronic was probably coined about this time and was certainly used by Professor J. A. (later, Sir Ambrose) Fleming in 1902. The expression elec-tronics, however, found no great favour in Britain for many years. It began to appear about 1940 as an import from the U.S.A. but did not come into general acceptance until after World War II. As everything in the known universe is electronic in character, the expression is not a felicitous one to apply to a section of electrical science, in which context it has had to acquire a special meaning. The definition of Electronics (see Section 1) in practice needs considerable qualification; for instance, a Martian observer, with no background of common usage to draw upon, would be perplexed to find that magnetohydrodynamic (m.h.d.) power generation, radioactivity, fluorescent lamps and neon signs (all of which fulfil the criteria) are not generally regarded as electronic devices. He would also be confused to discover that the overwhelming majority of the components used in elec-tronic engineering—resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.—are wholly electrical devices. Electronics IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Although Electronics is very much a twentieth-century activity, the fundamental build-ing blocks, namely photoelectric, thermionic, semiconductor and gas discharge phen-omena, were entirely nineteenth-century discoveries. They were, however, during that period, mainly scientific curiosities, having few applications outside of the laboratory, and it has been the role of the present century to develop them into commercial devices, equipments and systems. Photoelectricity Probably the earliest electronic device on record (although not recognised as such at the time) was the photovoltaic cell produced by Becquerel in 1839.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Trophic Interactions Within Aquatic Ecosystems

  • Ahmad Hemami(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  To understand, design, and repair electronic devices, study of Electronics is essential. For example, consider a TV set. While it is an electric device and needs electricity to work, it is an electronic device. This implies that it is much more complicated than a merely electric device, such as a motor. It has many complex circuits, and it is much more difficult and time-consuming to diagnose a problem and repair compared with a motor.

  This chapter is devoted to the introduction of electronic components and simple devices (more precisely, only semiconductor electronic devices) as compared with electrical devices. An electronic circuit is the interconnection of electronic components. Electronic devices are plenty, but they are made up of basic components. Understanding the basic components is the key to the diagnosis and repair of more complex devices.

  The discussion of Electronics in this book is only at the introductory level. Nevertheless, it paves the way for those enthusiasts who would like a more profound study of the subject.

  13.2 Electric and Electronic Devices

  In general, we can categorize electric and electronic devices on the basis of the components used in them. Although nowadays many electric appliances are enhanced by electronic devices to better control their behavior or to run them more efficiently, there is still a distinct line between what is considered an electronic device and what is considered an electric device. For instance, many motors nowadays are run by a driver rather than being directly connected to electricity. The speed of an induction motor can be varied or controlled by a driver, for example. The driver in this case is an electronic device made up of electronic (and electric) components, whereas the motor is an electric device. As a second example, in the past a kettle to boil water was only a resistive element that could have a safety device to disconnect from electricity if something went wrong, as well as a switch. A new kettle may have additional features such as a timer, different temperature setups and various lights and a buzzer to indicate its status. All these extras normally involve electronic circuits.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  The Science of Sound Recording

  • Jay Kadis(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER FIVE Electronics Contents Basic Electricity Passive Electronic Devices Resistors Capacitors Inductors

  Ohm’s Law

  Kirchhoff’s Laws

  Active Electronic Devices Suggested Reading

  In order to manipulate and store sounds, we need a representation that can be easily transferred from point to point, altered to suit our wishes, and stored in a permanent fashion. A simple and flexible such representation is the flow of electrons, or electricity. We use an electromechanical device, a microphone, to convert the air pressure variations of sound into an analogous flow of electrons. It is then simple to distribute the electrons through a wire to other places. It is also possible to convert the flow of electrons into magnetic flux that can be stored for a long time when retained as magnetic patterns on media such as analog tape and digital hard disks. Electronic circuits are involved in the majority of sound recording operations.

  Devices including recorders, amplifiers, mixers, equalizers, dynamic range processors, and delay-based effects processors give the engineer great ability to manipulate artistically the acousmatic reproduction of recorded sounds. Although these devices are complex, their operation is based on a few elementary concepts of analog Electronics. Analog Electronics refers to circuits in which the signal varies continuously, in contrast to digital systems that sample the signal at regular intervals. Until recently, analog was the only method available for processing audio data. Much modern sound recording and mixing involves computers, but analog electronic devices are still widely used in sound recording, especially as microphones, loudspeakers, preamplifiers, and mixers. Understanding electronic circuits starts with electricity.

  BASIC ELECTRICITY

  Electricity is simply the movement of charge (symbol q). Charge is a fundamental property of matter that has two possible states: positive and negative. (Neutral or zero charge may also be considered a state, though this is not of interest in Electronics.) Like charges repel each other; opposite charges attract and can combine and cancel. Charge was theorized before the structure of the atom was understood, and it was initially assumed that positive charge flowed through electric circuits. Electric current is now known to be due predominantly to the flow of negatively charged electrons; however, current can be conducted by positive charges in semiconductors and in ionic solutions. The flow of charge can be through a resistive medium like air (lightning), through a solid conductor like a metal wire, or through a semiconducting material like silicon. The path through which the charge moves is called a circuit. The charge moves from a source through a loop of circuit elements and back to the source. For direct current (DC), the charge flows in only one direction (although its magnitude may continuously vary); for alternating current (AC), the charge flows back and forth in both directions (Figure 5-1

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Practical Audio Electronics

  • Kevin Robinson(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Focal Press

    (Publisher)

  Part I Electrical Theory 2 | Electricity Ke.scy.sc Co.scn.scc.sce.scp.sct.scs.sc i.scn.sc El.sce.scc.sct.scr.sci.scc.sci.sct.scy.sc This chapter introduces a number of key concepts. In so doing it provides a solid framework for the development of an understanding of the behaviour of electronic components and electrical circuits. In keeping with the stated aims of the book to avoid unnecessary levels of detail, the topics discussed here are presented in a relatively broad fashion, with the goal of facilitating a sufficient degree of understanding to guide the practical Electronics to come. The technically inclined reader has at their disposal many more rigorous, academic textbooks to choose from if a deeper treatment is sought (see for example Horowitz and Hill, 2015; Sedra and Smith, 2014). The primary goal in this brief chapter is to provide a description of the importance of, and the relationships between, the following key concepts: Electric Charge – positively and negatively charged particles are the basis of electricity Static and Current Electricity – charge can accumulate (static) or it can flow (current) Current and Circuits – a loop or circuit is generally needed in order for current to flow Direct and Alternating Current – the flow of current can be one way or bidirectional Voltage – the push that causes current to flow (voltage up → current up) Resistance – the opposition to the flow of current (resistance up → current down) Power – when current flows through a circuit work is done, dissipating power Electricity and Magnetism – the two mutually dependant aspects of electromagnetism Conductors and Insulators – materials through which current can and can not flow Electricity deals with the accumulation and movement of charged particles. Two of the key constituents of all matter are positively charged particles called protons, and negatively charged particles called electrons.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Basic VLSI Design Technology

  Technical Questions and Solutions

  • Cherry Bhargava, Gaurav Mani Khanal(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • River Publishers

    (Publisher)

  These transistors employ a single gate stacked on top of two vertical gates (a single gate wrapped over 3 sides of the channel), allowing essentially three times the surface area for electrons to travel. Intel reports that their tri-gate transistors reduce leakage and consume far less power than current transistors. This allows up to 37% higher speed or power consumption at under 50% of the previous type of transistors used by Intel. • Ques: 12. What is Electronics? Define it. Solution: Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control of electrons (electricity) and the study of their behavior and effects in vacuums, gases, and semiconductors, and with devices using such electrons. This control of electrons is accomplished by devices that resist, carry, select, steer, switch, store, manipulate, and exploit the electron. • Ques: 13. What is communication? Solution: Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver or communication is transferring a message from one place to another place. 210 Miscellaneous Section • Ques: 14. Explain types of communication. Solution: There are two types of communication: analog and digital communication. As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital, on the other hand, is breaking the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a series of “1”s and “0s.” Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is good, as components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and power consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals. • Ques: 15. What are active and passive components? Give some examples. Solution: Passive: Capable of operating without an external power source.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book