Physics
Simple Circuit
A simple circuit is a basic electrical circuit that consists of a power source, a load, and conductive wires connecting them. It allows the flow of electric current from the power source to the load and back. Simple circuits are fundamental to understanding the principles of electricity and are often used as building blocks for more complex electrical systems.
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6 Key excerpts on "Simple Circuit"
eBook - PDFElectricity
Fundamentals for the Water and Wastewater Maintenance Operator
- Frank R. Spellman, Joanne Drinan(Authors)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
TOPICS The Simple Electric Circuit Ohm's Law Electric Power Electric Energy Series D-C Circuit Characteristics Parallel D-C Circuits Series-Parallel Circuits INTRODUCTION In Chapters 1 and 2, we introduced some of the basic concepts of electricity. Now we will use those fundamental ideas along with the con- cepts contained in Ohm's Law to begin to understand the direct current (d-c) electric circuit. THE SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT An electric circuit includes an energy source [source of electromo- tive force (ernf) or voltage; that is, a battery or generator], a conductor (wire), a load, and a means of control (see Figure 3.1). The energy source could be a battery, as in Figure 3.1, or some other means of producing a voltage. The load that dissipates the energy could be a lamp, a resistor, or some other device (or devices) that does useful work, such as an electric toaster, a power drill, radio, or soldering iron. Conductors are wires that offer low resistance to current (see Chapter 4); they connect all the loads in the circuit to the voltage source. No electrical device dissipates energy unless current flows through it. Because conductors, or wires, are not per- fect conductors, they heat up (dissipate energy), so they are actually part of the load. For simplicity, however, we usually think of the connecting D-C ~ircuits 41 wiring as having no resistance, because it would be tedious to assign a very low resistance value to the wires every time we wanted to solve a problem. Control devices might be switches, variable resistors, circuit breakers, fuses, or relays. A complete pathway for current flow, or closed circuit (Figure 3.1), is an unbroken path for current from the emf, through a load, and back to the source. A circuit is called open (see Figure 3.2) if a break in the cir- cuit (e.g., open switch) does not provide a complete path for current. 42 DC circuits
- Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Ba ttery + – Fuse Resistor (R) FIGURE 11.19 Simple fused circuit. + – FIGURE 11.20 Schematic symbol for a battery. 259 Fundamental Engineering Concepts Note: In studies of electricity and electronics, many circuits are analyzed that consist mainly of specially designed resistive components. As previously stated, these components are called resistors . Throughout our remaining analysis of the basic circuit, the resistive component will be a physical resistor; however, the resistive component could be any one of several electrical devices. Keep in mind that the Simple Circuits shown in the figures to this point illustrate only a few of the many symbols used in schematics to represent circuit components. Other symbols will be intro-duced, as we need them. It is also important to keep in mind that a closed loop of wire (conductor) is not necessarily a circuit. A source of voltage must be included to make it an electric circuit. In any electric circuit where electrons move around a closed loop, current, voltage, and resistance are present. The physical pathway for current flow is actually the circuit. By knowing any two of the three quantities, such as voltage and current, the third (resistance) may be determined. This is done mathematically using Ohm’s law , which is the foundation on which electrical theory is based. 11.7.3 O HM ’ S L AW Simply put, Ohm’s law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in electric circuits. Ohm’s law can be expressed mathematically in three ways: 1. The current ( I ) in a circuit is equal to the voltage applied to the circuit divided by the resis-tance of the circuit. Stated another way, the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the circuit resistance. Ohm’s law may be expressed as I E R = (11.19) where I = Current in amps.
- Miguel F. Acevedo(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
3 Fundamentals of Direct Current Electric CircuitsThis chapter is one of several providing a very basic review of those major concepts of electrical circuits that we need in order to understand electrical power systems. In this chapter, we review basic electrical quantities and circuits, introducing Ohm’s law and the fundamentals of circuit analysis methods including Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws, nodal and mesh analysis, and Thévenin and Norton theorems. In preparation for understanding power transfer, we cover modeling of voltage and current sources and the basics of maximum power transfer. In this chapter, we will focus on direct current (DC) circuits, and later, in Chapter 5 , we introduce alternating current (AC) circuits. This topic is expanded in Chapter 8 discussing AC circuit analysis and power calculation for AC circuits, and in Chapter 10 when we introduce transformers and three-phase circuits. Basic DC circuit analysis is covered in many textbooks used in introductory circuit analysis courses and can serve as supplementary material [1–3 ]. Reviews are also available in textbooks devoted to renewable energy [4 ,5 ].3.1 Basics of Electric Circuits3.1.1 Principles of Electrical QuantitiesElectrical charge is a fundamental property of matter that can both generate and interact with electromagnetic fields. Charge can be positive or negative; at the subatomic level, protons represent positive charge, whereas electrons have negative charge. The unit of charge is the coulomb or C, where 1 C is the equivalent charge of 6.2 × 1018 electrons. In a conductor, free electrons can flow and represent a movement of negative charge.Voltage is the potential energy difference between two points in an electric field, measured per unit charge. Being potential energy means it is available to perform the work of moving a unit charge against an electric field. Intuitively, voltage is the energy available to cause electrons to flow through a conductor. Its unit is volt or V, which is defined as joule/coulomb (J/C), and is named volt in honor of Alessandro Volta. In general, work and charge vary with time. Denoting charge by q , voltage by v , and work by w
eBook - PDFCircuit Analysis with PSpice
A Simplified Approach
- Nassir H. Sabah(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
In an electric circuit, these three attributes can be accounted for, respectively, by the circuit parameters of 16 Circuit Analysis with PSpice: A Simplified Approach resistance, capacitance, and inductance. This implies that an electrical or electronic component or system can be represented, or modeled, by means of an appropriate electric circuit that includes these elements. ★ 1.10 What Are the Approximations Implicit in Basic Electric Circuits? This section explains the nature of two main approxima- tions implicit in basic electric circuits, when modeling physical systems, namely, the lumped-parameter repre- sentation and the neglect of wave propagation in a circuit. In order to appreciate the nature of the approximations implicit in basic electric circuits, consider a cylindrical rod of resistive material, one end of which is connected to a battery of voltage V B and the other end connected to ground (Figure 1.22a). A current I flows under the influ- ence of the battery voltage. The hydraulic analogy is a narrow pipe through which water is driven. One end of the pipe is connected to a pump, the other end of the pipe being open to the atmosphere, above an open reser- voir, say. The pipe would present considerable resistance to water flow because of friction, mainly between water and the inner walls of the pipe. Hence, the pump applies some hydraulic pressure at one end of the pipe in order to overcome this friction and drive water through the pipe. The pressure applied by the pump is analogous to the battery voltage, and the friction along the pipe is analogous to the resistance along the rod, this resistance being uniformly distributed along the length of the rod. The energy applied by the pump to overcome friction is analogous to the energy delivered by the battery to overcome the resistance of the rod. The power input to the rod is p = V B I and is dissipated as heat in the rod.
eBook - PDF- Stephen Herman(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 124 SECTION 2 Basic Electric Circuits OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you should be able to ● discuss the properties of series circuits. ● list three rules for solving electrical values of series circuits. ● calculate values of voltage, current, resistance, and power for series circuits. ● calculate the values of voltage drop in a series circuit using the voltage divider formula. Preview E lectric circuits can be divided into three major types: series, parallel, and combination. Combination circuits are circuits that contain both series and parallel paths. The first type discussed is the series circuit. 6–1 Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit that has only one path for current flow (Figure 6–1) . Because there is only one path for current flow, the current is the same at any point in the circuit. Imagine that an electron leaves the negative terminal of the battery. This electron must flow through each resistor before it can complete the circuit to the positive battery terminal. One of the best examples of a series-connected device is a fuse or circuit breaker (Figure 6–2) . Because fuses and circuit breakers are connected in series with the rest of the circuit, all the circuit current must flow through them. If the current becomes excessive, the fuse or circuit breaker will open and disconnect the rest of the circuit from the power source. 6–2 Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit Voltage is the force that pushes the electrons through a resistance.
eBook - PDF- Kevin Robinson(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Focal Press(Publisher)
Part I Electrical Theory 2 | Electricity Ke.scy.sc Co.scn.scc.sce.scp.sct.scs.sc i.scn.sc El.sce.scc.sct.scr.sci.scc.sci.sct.scy.sc This chapter introduces a number of key concepts. In so doing it provides a solid framework for the development of an understanding of the behaviour of electronic components and electrical circuits. In keeping with the stated aims of the book to avoid unnecessary levels of detail, the topics discussed here are presented in a relatively broad fashion, with the goal of facilitating a sufficient degree of understanding to guide the practical electronics to come. The technically inclined reader has at their disposal many more rigorous, academic textbooks to choose from if a deeper treatment is sought (see for example Horowitz and Hill, 2015; Sedra and Smith, 2014). The primary goal in this brief chapter is to provide a description of the importance of, and the relationships between, the following key concepts: Electric Charge – positively and negatively charged particles are the basis of electricity Static and Current Electricity – charge can accumulate (static) or it can flow (current) Current and Circuits – a loop or circuit is generally needed in order for current to flow Direct and Alternating Current – the flow of current can be one way or bidirectional Voltage – the push that causes current to flow (voltage up → current up) Resistance – the opposition to the flow of current (resistance up → current down) Power – when current flows through a circuit work is done, dissipating power Electricity and Magnetism – the two mutually dependant aspects of electromagnetism Conductors and Insulators – materials through which current can and can not flow Electricity deals with the accumulation and movement of charged particles. Two of the key constituents of all matter are positively charged particles called protons, and negatively charged particles called electrons.
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