Psychology
Deprivation Privation and Separation
Deprivation, privation, and separation are terms used in psychology to describe different forms of loss or absence of important experiences, such as social interaction or emotional support. Deprivation refers to the lack of something that is needed for healthy development, while privation involves the complete absence of an essential experience. Separation refers to the emotional and physical distance between an individual and their primary caregiver, which can impact attachment and development.
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6 Key excerpts on "Deprivation Privation and Separation"
eBook - PDF- F. J. Mönks, Willard W. Hartup, Jan de Wit, F. J. Mönks, Willard W. Hartup, Jan de Wit(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
IV THE CONCEPTS OF DEPRIVATION AND ENRICHMENT This page intentionally left blank ENRICHMENT AND DEPRIVATION: TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARLY ENVIRONMENT Leon J. Yarrow National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Old and New Perspectives on Deprivation In the twenty years since Bowlby's monograph, Ma- ternal Care and Mental Health, the term "maternal dep- rivation 11 has had a glamorous and notorious history. Although the concept was not new in 1951, the term had a certain dramatic, poetic quality; it summarized suc- cinctly a great many inadequacies and distortions in the mother-child relationship.lt was embraced entlnsiastically „ by psychiatrists,pediatricians and clinical psychologists^ and soon became an all-encompassing concept,epitomizing everything "bad 11 about the child's environment. It was implicated in the etiology of a great variety of intel- lectual and personality deficits and defects.As a sci- entific concept, it became too vast to be useful.In due time, it was scorned and rejected, dissected, and re- evaluated . There was a lapse of almost ten years before ex- tensive critical evaluations appeared (Ainsworth,1962; Casier, 1961; DeWit, 1964; Yarrow, 1961). In 1959, in an address to the American Psychological Association (Yarrow, 1959), I presented a critical analysis of the research and theoretical literature on deprivation,point- ing out some significant distinctions between institu- tional care,maternal separation,and multiple mothering. 313 LEON J. YARROW I suggested that these varied conditions could be ana- lyzed into more discrete variables,and I indicated that such analysis might be heuristic for the study of rela- tionships between early environmental conditions and intellectual and personality development .In another crit- ical dissection of the literature,Casier(1961)concluded that maternal deprivation could be reduced toperoeptual- sensory deprivation.
eBook - PDF- (Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Columbia University Press(Publisher)
Man is a social being who needs to relate to his fellowman. If his opportunities for interaction are limited, if his socializa-tion is impaired, then he is socially disadvantaged. If an indi-vidual is mentally or physically handicapped he is deprived, in that his physical or mental impairment keeps him from having the same experiences as the nonhandicapped. An individual may have known extreme emotional deprivation, which results in a lack of basic trust in others or in a poor self-concept. Financially such a person may be part of the affluent society, yet he is still deprived. There are many with great material wealth who have no personal philosophy, no purpose in life. They are bored. They feel life has no meaning for them. They are deprived spiritually. They may also be deprived emotionally. The illegitimate child is deprived of his legal right to a name and to his legal heritage. There is always deprivation in the four Ds of the broken home: (1) death; (2) divorce; (3) desertion; and (4) disorganization. Anything that prevents a child from having a meaningful relationship with both parents is a form of deprivation, although physically the child may have adequate care. Medically, the word deprivation is often used to describe an agent of disease. This is most clearly defined in the field of tissue nutrition. Prolonged deprivation of food brings about tissue malnutrition and eventually death by starvation. Depri- Deprivation Amid Abundance 57 vation of specific foods can be clinically diagnosed and labeled. Scurvy, resulting from lack of vitamin C, is a classic example. Maternal Deprivation Next to economic deprivation, maternal deprivation is seen most often by social workers. Maternal deprivation was first discussed by Spitz in a study that aroused much debate.
eBook - PDFAntarctic Isolation as a Mars Habitat Analogue
A Psychological Perspective
- Jan Felicjan Terelak, Boguslaw Paz(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Peter Lang Group(Publisher)
To sum up, the difficulties of the ambiguity of the terms concerning “barriers” separating us more or less from the outside world, in this work we adopt an un- derstanding of three basic slogans: deprivation, isolation, imprisonment, similar to the views of N.M., Burns and D. Kimura (1963). However, we assume that the concepts of sensory deprivation and perceptual deprivation should only be used in the case of experimental research, where it is possible to guarantee the “measurability” of both the level of stimulation and the psychophysiological or psychological effects of deprivation. If the latter condition is not met, it is better to use the term “isolation” (as a separation from normal, customary situations), defining it through the content context of the situation itself or the mental state of the subject. This applies above all to research in natural experiments (such as in Antarctic isolation or on spacecraft), in which we are most often faced with a mixed situation – “isolation with perceptual deprivation.” Finally, it is worth mentioning that the use of the terms: deprivation, isolation, imprisonment in their typical dictionary sense is common in literature on the subject. These terms are usually assigned some words to describe what they refer to (e.g. need deprivation, sexual deprivation, informational isolation, cultural isolation, imprisonment in a mine, entrapment in caves etc.). We will skip the detailed discussion of laboratory studies on the effects of sensory deprivation, which created an “artificial mini world,” carried out en masse until the 1970s and 1980s, as this approach is used in numerous monographs and reviews (cf. e.g. Zubek, 1969, Kubzanski, 1961, Fiske, 1967; Haythorn, 1973) and focus on the general conclusions of these experiments according to the following groups of symptoms: (1) hallucinatory-like sensations, (2) perception disorders, (3) men- tal capacity, (4) physiological changes.
eBook - ePubHomelessness
Research, Practice, and Policy
- S. P. K. Jena(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Routledge India(Publisher)
5 Deprivation and human developmentIntroduction
Deprivation (poverty) has been examined from multiple angles. It is characterized by an individual’s inability to meet the required material minimum and a state of pronounced deprivation of well-being (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2003), in which income is insufficient to provide the necessities of life such as food, shelter, clothing, and medical care. This is often calculated by taking reference of the minimum income level of people living in the country of reference. In this context, a homeless person may experience deprivation of virtually anything that an individual needs to survive. Hunger or malnutrition, loss of opportunity for education, unhygienic conditions of living, disease, and poor behavioural skills are only the principal indices of this state of deprivation. Overcoming this state of deprivation becomes the prime preoccupation and object of cathexis. It prevents normal mental and affective investment in different aspects of daily life, which is often observed in the deprived individual’s general loss of ‘motivation for growth’. Thus, the consequences of deprivation or ‘object loss’ are far-reaching and psychologically crippling. This is much more extensive than loss of a single ‘love object’ in one’s life. It affects a wide range of actions, feelings, and emotions.Deprivation as ‘object loss’
This pathological state of mind created by deprivation or ‘object loss ‘has varied manifestations, which require empathic consideration. Apart from material support, the role of the people in general and a caregiver or psychotherapist in particular is important. They could help in redirecting them and thereby balancing out, focusing on object relation in other spheres of life. The primary purpose of such a therapeutic relationship is nurturing and maintaining a stable object relation by creating stable ‘representations’ in the mind. This may be in the form of images, and symbols that are substituted for the original objects of love. Substitutions occur naturally when a love object is lost, no matter whether it is a ‘good’ or ‘bad’ object. ‘Good’ objects are those which maximally satisfy certain human needs and ‘bad’ objects are those which frustrate most by depriving the individual and both of them, cause stable representations. These substitutions are constituted of constellation of emotions, thoughts, and action tendencies. Both the extreme object relations disrupt normal behavioural processes are never complete. The intensity of ‘fixations’ determines the extent of it impact on the behaviour. Developing stable object relation through trusting therapeutic relationship influence the individual’s interpretations and understanding of the immediate experiences of everyday life.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
Bowlby claimed to have made good the deficiencies of the data and the lack of theory to link alleged cause and effect in Maternal Care and Mental Health in his later work Attachment and Loss published between 1969 and 1980. Although the central tenet of maternal deprivation theory — that children's experiences of interpersonal relationships are crucial to their psychological development and that the formation of an ongoing relationship with the child is as important a part of parenting as the provision of experiences, discipline and child care — has become generally accepted, maternal deprivation as a discrete syndrome is not a concept that is much in current use other than in relation to severe deprivation as in failure to thrive. In the area of early relationships it has largely been superseded by attachment theory and other theories relating to even earlier infant/parent interactions. As a concept, parental deficiencies are seen as a vulnerability factor for, rather than a direct cause of, later difficulties. In relation to institutional care there has been a great deal of subsequent research on the individual elements of privation, deprivation, understimulation and deficiencies that may arise from institutional care. History Many traditions have stressed the grief of mothers over deprivation of their children but little has been said historically about young children's loss of their mothers; this may have been because loss of the mother in infancy frequently meant death for a breast-fed ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ infant. In the 19th century, French society bureaucratized a system in which infants were breast-fed at the homes of foster mothers, returning to the biological family after weaning, and no concern was evinced at the possible effect of this double separation on the child.
eBook - PDFRecidivism
A Deficiency Disease
- Alastair W. MacLeod(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
5 2 RECIDIVISM A DEFICIENCY DISEASE have played a part in bringing them into conflict with the law in the first place? The facts that emerged during our study indicated that it could. The case records of members showed that during child-hood every one of them had been subjected to serious depriva-tion through parental indifference or hostility, broken homes, loss of parents, or the coldness of an over stern, over critical father. Even among the functioning family units there were multiple social deficiencies such as economic dependency, physi-cal ill-health and emotional maladjustments. As the members of our group had suffered varying degrees of early social isolation, it would be logical then to examine what research has discovered about the effects of such depri-vation on personality development. Severe maternal deprivation, whether through separation or rejection, has been shown to be without question one of the most damaging experiences to which the human being can be subjected. Many investigators (Spitz, 1 Bowlby 2 and others) have re-ported that institutionalized infants who have been deprived of warm mothering from about their second month on, frequently die of wasting or intercurrent infection before reaching their second year. Those who do survive are markedly retarded at all levels of development—physical, emotional, intellectual, moral and social. This retardation occurs irrespective of the character of the 1 Rene A. Spitz, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado. Member, American Psychoanalytic Association. Author of A Genetic Field Theory of Ego Formation: Its Implications for Pathology, and many articles on the reaction of the child under conditions of de-privation and emotional stress. 2 John Bowlby, M.A., M.D. Director, Child Guidance Department, Tavistock Clinic, London, England. Consultant in Mental Health, World Health Organization. Author of Maternal Care and Mental Health, W.H.O. Monograph No. 2.
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