Physical Development in Adolescence

10 Key excerpts on "Physical Development in Adolescence"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Lifespan Development, 5th Australasian Edition, P-eBK

  • Michele Hoffnung, Robert J. Hoffnung, Kelvin L. Seifert, Abi Brooker, Sonja Ellis, Damien Riggs, Wayne Warburton, Elyse Warner(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  However, as education extended progressively into the teen years and youth did not assume adult responsibilities until their early twenties, a long period of transition emerged, leading more gradually from childhood into adulthood. A general picture of adolescence has been built up through years of group-based research on teenagers. However, for any individual person, the behaviours exhibited during adolescence result from a combination of their personal qualities, their chronological age and the unique roles and responsibilities that they encounter within their particular culture and social environment. Thus, the culture they are born into and the surrounding environment, in addition to biologically driven processes, have a profound influence on the young person’s journey into adulthood, which is essentially a biopsychosocial experience. In other words, Pdf_Folio:448 448 PART 5 Adolescence the developments during adolescence are the result of interactions between biological, psychological and social–environmental factors. We discuss the physical and cognitive developments of adolescence in detail in this chapter, and in the next chapter we explore psychosocial development. First, we will examine the physical changes of adolescence and their effects on development. 10.2 Body growth and physical changes during adolescence LEARNING OUTCOME 10.2 Describe the differences in body height, weight and shape that are affected by changes in male and female sex hormones during adolescence. In this chapter, we outline the physical changes that take place due to the changes in male and female sex organs during puberty. As such, a lot of our discussion here refers to boys and girls, or male and female bodies. This is not an attempt to dismiss diverse gender identities, but rather, a discussion of normative and non-normative physical changes that occur.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers

  An applied approach

  • Dennis McInerney, David Putwain(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  4 Physical and motor development: puberty to adulthood and developmental health issues

  Introduction

  Puberty and adolescence is a period of tremendous physical, cognitive, and social change, and perhaps a period of stress for adolescents. Whether it is actually a period of stress for most adolescents is hotly debated. As we have indicated in Chapter 2 , most physiological changes are canalised and programmed genetically at birth, and this includes the changes that occur during adolescence. These changes involve important physiological differences between males and females related to average developmental rates, disposition of muscle and fat tissue, rate of skeletal ossification, overall strength and size, and sexual development (Hermanussen et al., 2001; Patton & Viner, 2007; Proos & Gustafsson, 2012). In this chapter we will examine the physical changes that occur during adolescence as well as some developmental health issues from childhood through to adolescence.

  Puberty and adolescence

  Pubescence (derived from the Latin ‘to grow hairy’!) refers to changes that occur in individuals that result in sexual maturity. The onset of puberty comes with the physiological development of the sexual system. This leads into the longer period of physical development called adolescence . In boys, these changes include the enlargement of the testes and penis; growth of pubic, underarm, and facial hair; changes in the voice; and the production of and ability to ejaculate semen. Each of these developments has a very significant impact on the development of a sense of self for the maturing boy.

  In girls, pubescence is characterised by rapid physical growth, particularly of the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes. Other changes include the occurrence of the first menstrual cycle (menarche or period); a slight lowering of the voice; an enlargement and development of the breasts; rounding of the pelvic area; and growth of pubic and underarm hair (Brooks-Gunn & Peterson, 2013; Christie & Viner, 2005; Pinyerd & Zipf, 2005). As with boys, each of these developments has a very significant impact on the development of a sense of self for the maturing girl. Further information on pubertal development, particularly aimed at teens can be found on the Childline website. They have a separate page for girls https://childline.org.uk/Explore/puberty/Pages/PubertyGirls.aspx and boys https://childline.org.uk/Explore/puberty/Pages/PubertyGirls.aspx

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Visualizing the Lifespan

  • Jennifer Tanner, Daniel Bellack, Colleen MacQuarrie(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  309 ❑ Challenges in Development, p. 312 ❑ Stop: Answer the Concept Checks before you go on: p. 298 ❑ p. 302 ❑ p. 314 ❑ End of chapter ❑ Review the Summary and Key Terms. ❑ Answer What is happening in this picture? ❑ Answer the Critical and Creative Thinking Questions. ❑ Complete the Self-Test and check your answers. high school careers and their teen years by dressing in their finest. Regardless of whether an adolescent excitedly prepares for the prom or unconditionally rejects the tradition, this rite of passage marks the end of high school and foreshadows the transition to adulthood. 288 CHAPTER 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence O Physical Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES f the many rapid physical and physiological changes occurring in adolescence, puberty is perhaps the most profound. Pubertal matur- ation transforms the young person from look- ing like a child to appearing and, in some ways, feeling and acting like an adult. It is this striking transformation that has captured the attention of scholars, artists, the media, and parents alike, and inspired an array of cultural rites of passage. The biologically based process of puberty affects all—physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional—domains of development (Susman & Dorn, 2009). The general sequence of pubertal changes is the same for most people, but, as we will learn, there is great variation in their timing and impact (Katchadourian, 1977; Tanner, 1991). Puberty The word puberty comes from the Latin word “pubertas,” meaning adult. Although adolescents are not yet adults, puberty endows adolescents with reproductive competence and, therefore, marks the potential for significant adult responsibilities associated with sexuality. Adoles- cence and puberty are not inter- changeable terms. Puberty, at a basic level, is a brain–neuroendocrine (hormonal) process resulting in sexual maturation and related physical development (Susman & Dorn, 2009).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Empowerment Series: Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment

  • Charles Zastrow, Karen Kirst-Ashman, Sarah Hessenauer, , Charles Zastrow, Karen Kirst-Ashman, Sarah Hessenauer(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Psychological Development in Adolescence 321 A Perspective This chapter will focus on some of the major psychological growth tasks and pitfalls confronting adolescents. Psychological systems involve such aspects of growth and de-velopment as forming an identity and developing a personal morality. An individual’s psychological system interacts with biological and social systems to affect behavior. We have already addressed some of the interactions between biological and psy-chological systems. For example, maturation rate and body weight (which relate to an individual’s biological system) can affect body image and self-concept (which relate to the psychological system). Knowledge of psychological milestones normally negotiated during adolescence is important for the overall assessment of behavior and functioning. Additionally, this chapter will discuss two categories of critical issues that affect many individuals in this age group: assertiveness and suicide.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  HDEV

  • Spencer Rathus(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  216 PART FOUR: Adolescence and Early Adulthood Hero Images Inc./Alamy Stock Photo 11 Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you will be able to. . . 11-1 Describe the key events of puberty and their relationship to social development 11-2 Discuss health issues in adolescence, focusing on the causes of death, on eating disorders, and on substance use 11-3 Discuss adolescent cognitive development and the key events of Piaget’s stage of formal operations 11-4 Describe gender differences in cognitive abilities 11-5 Discuss Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in adolescence 11-6 Discuss the roles of the school in adolescence, focusing on dropping out 11-7 Discuss work experience during adolescence 217 CHAPTER 11: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development 11-1 PUBERTY: THE BIOLOGICAL ERUPTION Puberty is a stage of development characterized by reaching sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. The onset of adolescence coincides with the advent of puberty. Puberty is con-trolled by a feedback loop involving the hypo-thalamus, pituitary gland, the gonads—the ovaries in females and the testes in males—and hormones. The hypothalamus sig-nals the pituitary gland, which, in turn, releases hormones that control physical growth and the gonads.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  The Adolescent

  An Educational Perspective

  • Eldrie Gouws, Nicky Kruger(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Butterworth-Heinemann

    (Publisher)

  2 The Physical Development of the Adolescent Nicky Kruger Page 2.1 Characteristics of the physical growth of the adolescent 17 2.1.1 Accelerated growth during adolescence 17 2.1.2 Primary and secondary sexual characteristics 18 2.1.3 Motor development 19 2.1.4 Secular trend 19 2.1.5 Early and late development 20 2.1.6 Body image 22 2.1.7 Menstruation 22 2.1.8 Erection, ejaculation and nocturnal semen emissions 23 2.1.9 Breaking of the voice 24 2.1.10 Acne 24 2.2 Health problems in adolescence 25 2.2.1 Accidents 25 2.2.2 Nutritional deficiencies 25 2.2.3 Infections 26 2.2.4 Eating disorders 26 2.2.5 Sexually transmitted diseases 30 2.2.6 Drug abuse 33 2.3 Pedagogic implications of the adolescent's physical development 40 2.4 Conclusion 42 15 16 The Adolescent The first phase of adolescence, in which sexual maturation becomes evident, is called puberty. The word 'puberty' derives from the Latin pubertas, meaning 'age of manhood' (Coleman & Hendry 1990). Van den Aardweg and Van den Aardweg (1988) also refer to the puberty phase as preadolescence and assert that this is the period during which an individual's reproductive or-gans become functional and secondary sexual characteristics develop. In most children the onset of adolescence or puberty is marked by a growth spurt and a whole range of pubertal changes that are divisible into external bodily changes and internal physiological changes. Most children evince a clear increase in body height and mass, as well as changes in bodily propor-tions. In addition subtle changes occur in their nutritional needs and diges-tive processes, their motor capabilities and skills, and their strength and endurance. Tanner (1973) notes that in some instances the adolescent is a fascinated or even shocked observer of these changes in her body. She consciously takes note of these changes and assigns her own meaning to them, which pro-foundly influences her experience of and involvement with her body.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Adolescents and Young Adults

  An Emotion Regulation Approach

  • Lawrence Howells(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  In today’s society, there are good reasons to adopt a broader age range. Firstly, many of the changes associated with adolescence are beginning earlier; children appear to be entering puberty at a younger age than they did previously (see below) and many other aspects of adolescence (such as sexual exploration) are beginning earlier, fuelled by changes in society and access to information (Bloch, 1995). Other aspects of adolescence, however, are delayed and are occurring later than in previous generations. Across the developed world, for example, young people are spending increasing amounts of time in education and are also financially dependent on their families for longer. These societal changes do not impact equally across society and there is general consensus that the process of adolescent transition has become extended, pluralised, and fragmented (Coleman, 2011). Finally, research into brain development has found that the brain continues to evolve and develop in quite fundamental ways all the way through into the late 20s and early 30s (see below). Given this widening age range, some authors have tended to break down the period into smaller timeframes, for example early adolescence, later adolescence, and emerging adulthood (Patton et al., 2016).

  Given the level of individual difference in the rate of transition, it is perhaps imprudent to adopt rigid age ranges to define adolescence. However, to give a rough idea about the population we are considering, adolescence is considered in this book to cover the period between the ages of 10 and 25 years.

  It is important to outline this idea to clients, families, and other clinicians. Adolescence is not a phase of life that ceases abruptly upon turning 18, but is a more nuanced and gradual phase lasting into the twenties and often longer. Reference to brain research in relation to this explanation often adds significant weight to the argument! As individuals in their twenties tend not to identify themselves as adolescents, the term “adolescents and young adults” is used throughout this book.

  Physical development

  Puberty is a period of physical development characterised by rapid changes in body size, shape, and composition. It produces the most rapid rate of linear growth since infancy and the greatest sexual differentiation since foetal life (Rogol, Roemmich, and Clark, 2002).

  Sexual maturation occurs during puberty under the influence of gonadal steroid hormones; primarily testosterone in boys and oestradiol in girls. The early stages of sexual maturation often involve the appearance of pubic hair, adult-type body odour, and occasionally acne. In boys, the first signs of formal sexual maturation are the thinning and reddening of the scrotum and the enlargement of the testes. This occurs on average around 111/2 to 12 years, although is considered normal between 9 and 14. Sperm production and ejaculatory capacity are present during early sexual development (on average around 131/2 years).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Childhood and Adolescence

  Voyages in Development

  • Spencer Rathus(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Instead, they see adolescence as a period when biological changes drive certain kinds of behavior but that these behaviors are also shaped by environmental influences and adolescents’ ability to regulate their emotions and behavior (Hollenstein & Lougheed, 2013). In any case, adolescents need to adapt to biological changes and social expectations. 14.1 adolescence A transitional period between childhood and adulthood, usually seen as being bounded by puberty at the lower end and by the assumption of adult responsibilities at the upper end. genital stage In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, in which gratification is attained through sexual intercourse with a person of the other gender. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CHAPTER 14 ADOLESCENCE: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 451 Some theorists even argue that the concept of adolescence as a period of storm and stress marginalizes adolescents (Smetana, 2011). Seeing young people as “trou-bled” or “troubling” encourages adults to eye them warily and to not take their problems seriously. It is more useful to try to understand adolescents’ problems and find ways of helping them cope. Furthermore, a year-long longitudinal study of sixth- and seventh-graders found that adolescents who believe that adolescence is a time of storm and stress have a way of making adolescence become more stormy and stressful (Buchanan & Hughes, 2009). Perhaps our expectations of adolescents can be self-fulfilling prophecies.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Childhood and Adolescence

  Voyages in Development

  • Spencer Rathus(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  14 Adolescence: Physical Development LEARNING OBJECTIVES 14-1 Define adolescence and discuss whether it is a period of “storm and stress.” 14-2 Describe the biological events of puberty, focusing on the meaning of menarche and the advantages and disadvantages of early versus late maturation. 14-3 Describe brain development during adolescence, focusing on processing ability, the biological substrates of adolescent risk-taking, pruning, and the adage, “Use it or lose it.” 14-4 Discuss emerging sexuality during adolescence, focusing on the risks and prevention of STIs, especially HIV/AIDS and HPV. 14-5 Discuss health during adolescence. 14-6 Discuss eating disorders during adolescence, including social and cultural pressure to be thin. 14-7 Discuss substance use and abuse during adolescence, focusing on alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, and vaping. Rolf Bruderer/Getty Images 454 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. REAL LIFE • Facebook and body image: A challenge for adolescents • The vaccine for human papillomavirus— and parental resistance • Preventing HIV/AIDS and other STIs: It’s more than safe(r) sex • Schools and adolescent nutrition • Vaping nicotine and marijuana • Do you have a problem with alcohol? DIVERSITY • Gender, college plans, ethnicity, and substance abuse 7.1 Five Stages of Male Development During Puberty 7.2 Five Stages of Female Development During Puberty Substance use is the leading cause of death among male adolescents in the United States.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Visualizing

  The Lifespan

  • Jennifer Tanner, Amy Warren, Daniel Bellack(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence A fter weeks of shopping, a day of primping, and an afternoon posing for photos, the teens shown here are finally ready to embark on the American ado- lescent ritual of senior prom. These adolescents have already faced many challenges before getting to this day. As we will see in this chapter, they have experienced changing brain landscapes, growth spurts, pubertal transformations, and completely new ways of thinking that cast everything they knew into a new light. And now here they are, ready to celebrate the end of their high CHAPTER OUTLINE Physical Development 270 • Puberty • The Nervous System • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System Cognitive Development 279 • Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage • Adolescent Egocentrism • Decisions and Risks All the Systems Working Together 284 • Positive Youth Development • Adolescent Sexuality ■ Where Developmentalists Click: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ■ What a Developmentalist Sees: Preventing Teen Pregnancy • Common Health Concerns of Adolescence ■ Challenges in Development: Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Caption to position here for frog Caption to position here for frog Caption to position here for frog Caption to position here ｪ CJLFSJEFSMPOEPO4IVUUFSTUPDL ❑ Study the picture and read the opening story. ❑ Scan the Learning Objectives in each section: p. 270 ❑ p. 279 ❑ p. 284 ❑ ❑ Read the text and study all visuals. Answer any questions. Analyze key features ❑ Development InSight, p. 272 ❑ Process Diagram, p. 283 ❑ What a Developmentalist Sees, p. 288 ❑ Challenges in Development, p. 290 ❑ Stop: Answer the Concept Checks before you go on: p. 279 ❑ p. 282 ❑ p. 291 ❑ End of chapter ❑ Review the Summary and Key Terms. ❑ Answer What is happening in this picture? ❑ Answer the Critical and Creative Thinking Questions.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book