Schizophrenia

12 Key excerpts on "Schizophrenia"

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  21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook

  • Stephen F. Davis, William Buskist, Stephen F. Davis, William F. Buskist(Authors)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications, Inc

    (Publisher)

  SUMMARY Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder found worldwide, affecting men, women, children, and all ethnic groups. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorga-nized thinking, disorganized behavior, avolition, flattened affect, and alogia. The disorder leads to impairments in social, occupational, familial, and cognitive functioning. Schizophrenia develops from a genetic predisposition or brain abnormalities activated by adverse environmental factors. Unfortunately, the affliction is incurable, but symptoms can be ameliorated by a combined treatment regimen of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial factors. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and sta-tistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Andreasen, N. C., Paradiso, S., & O’Leary, D. S. (1998). ‘Cognitive dysmetria’ as an integrative theory of schizo-phrenia: A dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24 (2), 203–218. Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of Schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–264. Bertrando, P., Cecchin, G., Clerici, M., Beltz, J., Milesi, C., & Cazzullo, M. (2006). Expressed emotion and Milan systemic 306 • BEHAVIOR DISORDERS AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY intervention: A pilot study on families of people with a diagno-sis of Schizophrenia. Journal of Family Therapy, 28 , 81–102. Brown, A. S., & Susser, E. S. (2002). In utero infection and adult Schizophrenia. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8 (1), 51–57. Carson, R. C., & Sanislow, C. A. (1993). The Schizophrenias. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive hand-book of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 295–336). New York: Plenum Press. Crow, T. J. (1985). The two-syndrome concept: Origins and cur-rent status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11 (3), 471–486. Di Forti, M., Lappin, J., & Murray, R.

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  Essentials of Abnormal Psychology

  • V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann, , V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Each of these people may have Schizophrenia, the startling disorder char- acterized by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including delusions and hallucinations, disor- ganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions. Schizophrenia is a complex syndrome that inevitably has a devastating effect on the lives of the person affected and on family members. This disorder can disrupt a per- son’s perception, thought, speech, and movement: almost every aspect of daily functioning. People with these severe mental health problems are more likely to be stigmatized and discriminated against than those without schizophre- nia (Corker et al., 2015; Farelly et al., 2014). And despite important advances in treatment, full recovery from schiz- ophrenia has a low base rate of one in seven patients (Jääskeläinen et al., 2013). In addition to the emotional costs, the financial drain is considerable. The annual cost of Schizophrenia in the United States is estimated to exceed $60 billion when factors such as family caregiving, lost wages, and treatment are considered (Kennedy, Altar, Taylor, Degtiar, & Hornberger, 2014; Wu et al. , 2005). Because Schizophrenia is so widespread, affecting approx- imately one of every 100 people at some point in their lives, STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES* Use scientific reasoning to interpret behavior: c Identify basic biological, psychological, and social components of behavioral explanations (e.g., inferences, observations, operational definitions, and interpretations). (APA SLO 2.1a) (see textbook pages 457–466) Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology: c Summarize important aspects of history of psychology, including key figures, central concerns, methods used, and theoretical conflicts. (APA SLO 1.2c ) (see textbook pages 445–446,) Engage in innovative and integrative thinking and problem solving: c Describe problems operationally to study them empirically.

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  Abnormal Psychology

  An Integrative Approach

  • David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann, , David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Previous editions of the DSM struggled with this concept in its varied presentations over the years, and, as we describe in this chapter, DSM-5 currently includes Schizophrenia as well as other related psychotic disorders that fall under this heading (including schizophreniform, schizoaffective, delusional, and brief psychotic disorders). In addition, a personality disorder (schizotypal per-sonality disorder, discussed in Chapter 12) is also considered to be included under this umbrella category of Schizophrenia spec-trum disorders. All of these difficulties seem to share features of extreme reality distortion (for example, hallucinations, delusions). Later we discuss the symptoms the person experiences during the disorder (active phase symptoms), the course of the disorder, and spectrum of disorders included in this category. Mental health workers typically distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. A third dimension, dis-organized symptoms, also appears to be an important aspect of the disorder (Liddle, 2012). Positive symptoms generally refer to symptoms around distorted reality. Negative symptoms involve deficits in normal behavior in such areas as speech, blunted affect (or lack of emotional reactivity), and motivation (Foussias et al. 2014). Disorganized symptoms include rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inappropriate affect (for example, smiling when you are upset). A diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires that two or more positive, negative, and/or disorganized symptoms be present for at least 1 month, with at least one of these symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

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  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Applications for Mental Disorder Treatments

  • M. R. Islam, Jaan S. Islam, Gary M. Zatzman(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Scrivener

    (Publisher)

  319 6.1 Introduction In Chapter 5, we characterized depression and Schizophrenia as the co-drivers of mental ailments. We also described Schizophrenia as the tan-gible segment of the tangible-intangible yin yang. The word ‘Schizophrenia’ is derived from the Greek roots ‘schizein’ (σχίζειν, «to split») and phrēn (φρήν, φρεν-, «mind»). It literally refers to disconnection of intangible (e.g. , thinking) and tangible aspect (e.g., bodily function). Scientifically, we characterized Schizophrenia as a disconnection pertaining to the malfunc-tion of the brain (Islam et al ., 2016). We also called deliberate use of ‘crazy logic’ in order to deceive others or to promote self-interest in the shortest term as ‘deliberate Schizophrenia’. Of importance is the consideration that Schizophrenia is not a disease of the heart (or conscience). In fact, a person inflicted with Schizophrenia is not in control of his or her intention and as such doesn’t have access to conscience. Of course, it doesn’t mean a person with symptoms of Schizophrenia will opt for anti-conscience activities, it rather means that he or she is not capable of acting on conscience. 6 Schizophrenia as a Tangible Expression of Mental Disorder 320 The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects more than 21 million people worldwide (WHO, 2017). The most important feature of schizo-phrenia is the distortion of reality through perception that is detached from objective truth. This includes false perception, hearing voices, delusions, and other symptoms. Even though it is mainly a mental disease, people with Schizophrenia are 2-2.5 times more likely to die early than the general population. This is often due to physical illnesses, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and infectious diseases. Among all mental ailments, schizophre-nia is the one most disconnected to a person’s diet, environment or genetic history. As such, this is the most debilitating condition in terms of remedy.

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  Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders

  A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual

  • David H. Barlow(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • The Guilford Press

    (Publisher)

  —D. H. B. S chizophrenia is a serious mental health problem that is characterized by positive symptoms of hal- lucinations, delusions, and disorders of thought. Typi- cally, hallucinations are auditory, in the form of hearing voices that often talk about the person and in the third person, although hallucinations can occur in other senses. Delusions are strongly held beliefs that are cul- turally unacceptable or that other people do not share and often involve a misinterpretation of perception or experience. The content of delusions may include a va- riety of themes, including alien control; persecution; reference; and somatic, religious, or grandiose ideas. Disorders of thought are inferred from disruption and disorganization in language. Hallucinations and delu- sions, and sometimes thought disorders, are referred to as “positive symptoms” and reflect an excess or distor- tion of normal functioning. “Negative symptoms” are also frequently present and reflect a decrease in or loss of normal function, including restrictions in the ex- pression of emotions, in the fluency and productivity of thought and language, and in the initiation of behavior. The consequences of these symptoms can be disrup- tions in personal, social, occupational, and vocational functioning. Comorbid disorders, especially depression and anxiety, are frequently present and further impair functioning. Suicide risk is high. Aspects of description, diagnosis, and classification of Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have stimulated much debate and C H A P T E R 13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Nicholas Tarrier Katherine Berry Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 523 controversy over the decades, and details can be found in most psychiatry and abnormal psychology text- books. They do not concern us here except to say that there can be considerable variation in clinical presenta- tion between people and in the same person over time.

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  Introduction to Psychiatry

  Preclinical Foundations and Clinical Essentials

  • Audrey Walker, Steven Schlozman, Jonathan Alpert(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  5 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders DOST ONGUR, FRANCINE BENES, OLIVER FREUDENREICH, MATCHERI KESHAVA, AND ROBERT MCCARLEY Introduction Schizophrenia is the most common and important type of a primary psychotic disorder (i.e., not caused by drugs or a medical condition), representing more than half of all patients with a psychotic disorder. In this chapter, we will follow the DSM-5 framework and review Schizophrenia and related disorders as schizophre- nia spectrum disorders (i.e., schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, schizo- phreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder). Schizotypal personality disorder, which is closely related (and often considered a Schizophrenia spectrum disorder), is discussed elsewhere in this book. Classification All Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are diagnoses of exclusion – that is, the physician needs to obtain a clinical history and carry out the mental status and physical examination in order to rule out other (secondary) causes of psychotic symptoms to make the diagnosis of a primary psychiatric condition as the cause for the psychosis. A distinction between the various psychotic disorders them- selves is made based on presenting symptom patterns and illness course. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is one of the most devastating psychiatric disorders and most important public health problems in the world. It strikes just as individuals are preparing to enter adulthood and often follows a relapsing-remitting lifelong pat- tern. It affects not only the patients but also their families and friends. The term “Schizophrenia” is derived from the Greek “schizo” (split, fragment- ed) and “phrenia” (mind) to describe the disjointed experience of people with the disorder (e.g., contradictory thought content and affect). This term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, as many assume.

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  Madness: A Biography

  • Paul Fallon(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Bloomsbury Academic

    (Publisher)

  A number of researchers have pointed out that symptoms such as hearing voices are actually quite common. A number of studies of students have consistently found that around 37–39 per cent report experiencing hearing voices and general pop-ulation studies have found rates of between 10 and 25 per cent of people who have experienced hearing voices at least once (Morrison et al., 2000 ). Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterised by an array of symptoms that vary between individuals leading to diverse symptom profiles. Symptoms such as delusions (a false or erroneous belief), hal-lucinations and thought disorder (disorganised thinking), are often described as positive symptoms whereas other symptoms such as cog-nitive deficits and poverty of speech are usually described as negative symptoms (Egan & Weinberger, 1997; Harrison, 1999 ). Despite over a hundred years of refinements in the description of Schizophrenia, its classification has never been free of controversy, as each subsequent generation of psychiatrists and psychologists has challenged the MADNESS: A BIOGRAPHY 96 conceptual framework used by the previous generation and sought to change its parameters. Psychiatrists in the nineteenth century were inspired by advances in general medicine where clinically identifiable syndromes were being described, and sought to replicate this for the existing global concepts of dementia, delirium and insanity (Wing & Agrawal, 2003). Emile Kraepelin originally argued that dementia praecox (an early description of what later became known as Schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis (what we now call bipolar affective disorder) were separate entities and he was the first to systematically describe the main symptoms of each. However, Kraepelin’s views were not rigid and he continued to develop them to the point that, by 1920, he came to believe that dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis could coexist, possibly as a unitary psychosis.

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  Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior

  • David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Diane Sue, Stanley Sue(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  The spectrum includes disorders that differ from Schizophrenia in a variety of ways, including the specific symp-toms involved, the duration of symptoms, or the presence of additional symptoms. Additional disorders on the Schizophrenia spectrum include delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and schizoaffective disorder (see Table 11.3). Delusional Disorder D i S O R D E R S C h a R T Disorder Symptoms Prevalence Gender Differences Age of Onset Schizophrenia Two or more psychotic symptoms of which at least one must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; impaired life functioning • About 1% of the population • About equal • 18–24 for men • 24–35 for women Brief psychotic disorder One or more psychotic symptoms, of which at least one must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech for at least 1 day but less than 1 month • Up to 9% of new cases of psychosis • Much higher in developing countries • Twice as common in women • Can occur at any age • Most common in 30s Schizophreniform disorder Two or more psychotic symptoms, of which at least one must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech for at least 1 month but less than 6 months • Much lower rate than Schizophrenia • Higher in developing countries • About equal • 18–24 for men • 24–35 for women Delusional disorder One or more delusions for at least 1 month • Rare: from 0.03%–0.18% • About equal • More prevalent in older adults Schizoaffective disorder Episode of mania or major depression concurrent with delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; psychotic symptoms persist after the mood episode ends • About 0.32% • More females • Usually early adulthood Table 11.3 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Source: APA (2013); Bhalla (2013); Brannon & Bienenfeld (2012); Memon (2013).

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  Handbook of Medical Psychiatry

  • Jair C. Soares, Samuel Gershon, Jair C. Soares, Samuel Gershon(Authors)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  6 Classification of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders TONMOY SHARMA and PRIYA BAJAJ Clinical Neuroscience Research Centre, Stonehouse Hospital, Dartford, Kent, England I. INTRODUCTION The need for a classification of mental disorders has been clear throughout the history of medicine, but there has been little agreement on which disorders should be included and the optimal method for their organization. The many nomenclatures that have been developed during the past two millennia have differed in their relative emphasis on phenomenology, etiology, and course as defining features. Some systems have included only a handful of diagnostic categories whereas others have included thousands. Moreover, the various systems for categorizing mental disorders have differed with respect to whether their principal objective was for use in clinical, research, or statistical settings [1]. Attitudes to psychiatric classification have also undergone a revolution in the last generation. In the 1950s and 1960s, psychiatric diagnoses did not occupy center stage in clinical practice. Their reliability was known to be low; it was known that key diagnostic terms like Schizophrenia had different meanings in dif-ferent parts of the world. On the other extreme, there were some who argued that diagnostic categories should be abandoned and they believed that all patients require the same treatment—the ‘‘moral regime’’ of the asylum for Neumann and Prichard in the 19th century, and psychotherapy of Rogers and Menninger in the 20th century [2]. However, a clear definition and accurate classifica-tion of a disorder are the first steps in any systematic attempt to understand the pathophysiology and etiol-ogy of the disorder. The revolution in biological psy-chiatry can, in part, be attributed to advances in nosology [3].

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  Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders

  An Approach to Psychological Medicine

  • D. Wilfred Abse(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Butterworth-Heinemann

    (Publisher)

  There is a difficulty of another order too, and that is as to what is recognizable as 'symptomatic' of severe personality disturbance. This may be best demonstrated by a discussion of a particular symptom not uncommon in Schizophrenia, i.e., the symptom of delusion. A delusion is a false belief, false inasmuch as it does not correspond to ascertainable fact, and one that is unamenable to correction by appeal to the reason of the person holding it. If this were all, delusion in the sense of a symptomatic expression of personality disturbance would * For fuller details of the interpretation of Schizophrenia, the reader is referred to Arieti's book (1955). 6 82 HYSTERIA AND RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS indicate that mankind is generally disturbed. Indeed, writers like Voltaire have pungently expressed this very conclusion. Kierkegaard (1849) more tolerantly and mildly expressed the position, thus:— Just as the physician might say that there Hves perhaps not one single man who is in perfect health, so one might say perhaps that there lives not one single man who after all is not to some extent in despair, in whose inmost parts there does not dwell a disquietude, a perturbation, a discord, an anxious dread of an unknown something. The diverse miracles, prophecies, and mysteries of fabulous religion vouched for by different groups of men must largely be inventions falsely believed in—falsely, if only on the logical grounds of their mutual incompatibility, though these beliefs may function to alleviate the disquietude described by Kierkegaard. Such shared beliefs of the kind embodied in traditional religions or folk-lore are usually in harmony with the individual's education and social milieu. Though these may be studied and interpreted psychoanalytically and with reference to the modal personality function of a particular group, these are not the beliefs or delusions with which we are more immediately concerned in Schizophrenia or other definitive mental disorder.

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  Abnormal Psychology

  • Gordon L. Flett, Nancy L. Kocovski, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  The reasons for the increase in the frequency of diagno- ses of Schizophrenia in the United States are easily discerned. Several prominent figures in U.S. psychiatry expanded Bleuler’s already broad concept of Schizophrenia even more. In 1933, for example, Kasanin described nine patients who had been diag- nosed with dementia praecox. For all of them, the onset of the disorder had been sudden and recovery relatively rapid. Noting that theirs could be said to be a combination of both schizo- phrenic and affective symptoms, Kasanin suggested the term “schizoaffective psychosis” to describe the disturbances of these clients. This diagnosis subsequently became part of the U.S. concept of Schizophrenia and was listed in DSM-I (1952) and DSM-II (1968). The concept of Schizophrenia was further broadened by three additional diagnostic practices: 1. U.S. clinicians tended to diagnose Schizophrenia whenever delusions or hallucinations were present. Because these symptoms, particularly delusions, occur also in mood disor- ders, many people with a DSM-II diagnosis of Schizophrenia may actually have had a mood disorder (Cooper et al., 1972). 2. People whom we would now diagnose as having a person- ality disorder (notably schizotypal, schizoid, borderline, and 11.2 History of the Concept of Schizophrenia We turn now to a review of the history of the concept of schiz- ophrenia and how ideas about this disorder have changed over time. Early Descriptions The concept of Schizophrenia was formulated by two European psychiatrists, Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler. Kraepelin(see photo) first presented his notion of dementia praecox, the early term for Schizophrenia, in 1898. He differentiated two major groups of endogenous, or internally caused, psychoses: manic-depressive illness and dementia praecox. Dementia praecox included several diagnostic concepts—dementia par- anoides, catatonia, and hebephrenia—that had been regarded as distinct entities by clinicians in previous decades.

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  Psychology

  • Ronald Comer, Elizabeth Gould, Adrian Furnham(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  H. Freeman and Company, p. 96. Used with permission. antipsychotic drugs medications that help remove the symptoms of Schizophrenia. Before You Go On What Do You Know? 16. What is a psychosis? 17. What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? The negative symptoms? The psychomotor symptoms? 18. What biochemical abnormalities and brain structures have been associated with Schizophrenia? What Do You Think? We noted in this section that if one identical twin develops Schizophrenia, there is a 48% chance that the other twin will do so as well. Discuss how this would support the diathesis-stress model. CHAPTER 19 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 568 Other Psychological Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6 Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dis- sociative and personality disorders. This chapter will conclude by looking briefly at three addi- tional disorder categories: somatoform disorders, disso- ciative disorders and personality disorders. Each of these disorder categories is problematic, with personality disor- ders having a great deal of overlap and, more fundamentally, somatoform and dissociative disorders being challenged for their very status as diagnostic categories (Holmes, 2010; Spanos, 1996) Somatoform Disorders When a presented physical ailment has no detectable medi- cal cause, it is suggested that the sufferer may be experienc- ing a somatoform disorder , a pattern of physical complaints with largely psychosocial causes. It is assumed that individuals do not consciously want or purposely produce their symptoms: they almost always claim to believe that their symptoms are genuinely medical (Lah- mann et al., 2010). In conversion dis- order, somatization disorder and pain disorder associated with psychological factors, clients present with a change in physical functioning. In hypochondriasis and body dys- morphic disorder, healthy individuals worry that there is something physically wrong with them without medical confirmation.

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