Psychology
Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenic disorders are severe mental health conditions characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior. Symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning. Treatment typically involves a combination of antipsychotic medications, therapy, and support services to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
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12 Key excerpts on "Schizophrenic Disorders"
eBook - PDF- Kanter, Jonathan W., Woods, Douglas W.(Authors)
- 1(Publication Date)
- Context Press(Publisher)
Psychotic Disorders 217 Chapter 8 Psychotic Disorders Patricia A. Bach Illinois Institute of Technology Historically, the psychotic disorders have been regarded as especially intrac- table mental health problems. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) defines as psychotic, any prominent hallucinations, delusional beliefs, or disorga- nized speech or behavior. Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, schizophrenifrom disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychosis, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance induced psychosis. These disorders share the presence of one or more of the above symptoms, however the etiologies and courses of the disorders varies considerably (APA, 2000). Schizophrenia is the most prevalent of the psychotic disorders and has a relatively early onset, poor prognosis and chronic course. For these reasons there has been considerably more research on schizophrenia than on the other psychotic disorders, and it is therefore the focus of this chapter. Course and Prevalence Schizophrenia is usually first diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood. It is equally prevalent across many different cultures (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, & Hochman, 2004) and is among the 10 leading causes of disability world wide (World Health Organization Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse, 1998). The disorder is characterized by a period of at least six months with three prominent symptom clusters: positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits, and impairment in social or occupational functioning during a significant portion of the time symptoms are prominent. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms include blunted affect, ahedonia, avolition, and alogia.
eBook - PDFAbnormal Psychology
An Integrative Approach
- David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann, , David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Previous editions of the DSM struggled with this concept in its varied presentations over the years, and, as we describe in this chapter, DSM-5 currently includes schizophrenia as well as other related psychotic disorders that fall under this heading (including schizophreniform, schizoaffective, delusional, and brief psychotic disorders). In addition, a personality disorder (schizotypal per-sonality disorder, discussed in Chapter 12) is also considered to be included under this umbrella category of schizophrenia spec-trum disorders. All of these difficulties seem to share features of extreme reality distortion (for example, hallucinations, delusions). Later we discuss the symptoms the person experiences during the disorder (active phase symptoms), the course of the disorder, and spectrum of disorders included in this category. Mental health workers typically distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. A third dimension, dis-organized symptoms, also appears to be an important aspect of the disorder (Liddle, 2012). Positive symptoms generally refer to symptoms around distorted reality. Negative symptoms involve deficits in normal behavior in such areas as speech, blunted affect (or lack of emotional reactivity), and motivation (Foussias et al. 2014). Disorganized symptoms include rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inappropriate affect (for example, smiling when you are upset). A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires that two or more positive, negative, and/or disorganized symptoms be present for at least 1 month, with at least one of these symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
- Stephen F. Davis, William Buskist, Stephen F. Davis, William F. Buskist(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
SUMMARY Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder found worldwide, affecting men, women, children, and all ethnic groups. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorga-nized thinking, disorganized behavior, avolition, flattened affect, and alogia. The disorder leads to impairments in social, occupational, familial, and cognitive functioning. Schizophrenia develops from a genetic predisposition or brain abnormalities activated by adverse environmental factors. Unfortunately, the affliction is incurable, but symptoms can be ameliorated by a combined treatment regimen of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial factors. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and sta-tistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Andreasen, N. C., Paradiso, S., & O’Leary, D. S. (1998). ‘Cognitive dysmetria’ as an integrative theory of schizo-phrenia: A dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24 (2), 203–218. Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–264. Bertrando, P., Cecchin, G., Clerici, M., Beltz, J., Milesi, C., & Cazzullo, M. (2006). Expressed emotion and Milan systemic 306 • BEHAVIOR DISORDERS AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY intervention: A pilot study on families of people with a diagno-sis of schizophrenia. Journal of Family Therapy, 28 , 81–102. Brown, A. S., & Susser, E. S. (2002). In utero infection and adult schizophrenia. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8 (1), 51–57. Carson, R. C., & Sanislow, C. A. (1993). The schizophrenias. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive hand-book of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 295–336). New York: Plenum Press. Crow, T. J. (1985). The two-syndrome concept: Origins and cur-rent status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11 (3), 471–486. Di Forti, M., Lappin, J., & Murray, R.
eBook - PDF- V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann, , V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
444 12 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders CHAPTER OUTLINE Perspectives on Schizophrenia Early Figures in Diagnosing Schizophrenia Identifying Symptoms Clinical Description, Symptoms, and Subtypes Positive Symptoms Negative Symptoms Disorganized Symptoms Historic Schizophrenia Subtypes Other Psychotic Disorders Prevalence and Causes of Schizophrenia Statistics Development Cultural Factors Genetic Influences Neurobiological Influences Psychological and Social Influences Treatment of Schizophrenia Biological Interventions Psychosocial Interventions Treatment across Cultures Prevention Eekhoff Picture Lab/Blend Images LLC Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Perspectives on Schizophrenia • 445 A middle-aged man walks the streets of New York City with aluminum foil on the inside of his hat so Martians can’t read his mind. A young woman sits in her college classroom and hears the voice of God telling her she is a vile and disgusting person. You try to strike up a conversation with the super- market bagger, but he stares at you vacantly and will say only one or two words in a flat, toneless voice. Each of these people may have schizophrenia, the startling disorder char- acterized by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including delusions and hallucinations, disor- ganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions. Schizophrenia is a complex syndrome that inevitably has a devastating effect on the lives of the person affected and on family members.
eBook - PDFPsychology
Modules for Active Learning
- Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, , Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, (Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
M. Suinn. Copyright © 1975. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Psychosis A withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. PSYCHOLOGY MODULES FOR ACTIVE LEARNING 528 Psychoses are characterized by one or more of the fol-lowing: delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and/ or speech, disturbed motor behavior, or social/emotional isolation. Typically, psychotic patients cannot control their thoughts, emotions, and/or actions. Psychotic disorders are severely disabling. They also are among the most difficult to treat. Drug therapies offer some hope; however, many psychotic individuals end up in prison or committed to a mental hospital. reality (Durand & Barlow, 2019). Psychosis can occur in a variety of mental illnesses including Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder, and drug use disorder. In this section, however, we will focus on two major types of schizophre-nia spectrum and other psychotic disorders : delusional disorders and schizophrenia (see ■ Table 61.1 ). These di-agnoses are usually applied only after psychotic distur-bances are evident for weeks or months (American Psy-chiatric Association, 2013; Sue et al., 2017). Eric Audras/Getty Images A psychotic individual in a state mental hospital. Problem Typical Signs of Trouble Delusional disorder You have some deeply held and bizarre but false beliefs. Schizophrenia Your personality has disintegrated; you have hallucinations, delusions, or both.
eBook - PDF- Daniel Fung, Cai Yiming;;;(Authors)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- WSPC(Publisher)
17 Psychotic Disorders Ong Say How No psychiatric illness other than depression has had so big an impact on society as well as on a personal level as this unique group of men-tal disorders. Psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia, have been studied for years, and have in the process raised more questions than answers. Fortunately, through all the research done so far, we have gained a wealth of information about their biological origins and psycho-social effects. In addition, new technology has helped propel advances in the area of pharmacological research. “Psychosis” literally means a severe disturbance in one’s “reality-testing”. Simply put, it is a mental condition in which the individual suffering from it becomes “out of touch with reality”. Broadly used in the past to encompass a wide variety of psychological symptoms, psychosis now denotes the presence of a very specific set of symp-toms, like hallucinations and delusions. It was not until 1919 that Kraepelin first started describing a certain group of patients with a psychosis that typically began in early adulthood and ran a progres-sively deteriorating course. He named it “dementia praecox”, which Bleuler redefined as “schizophrenia”, a condition whose fundamen-tal deficits lie in the “splitting or disconnection of normally integrated cognitive functions”. Both these definitions, though they are histori-cally important and have helped shape our understanding of the dis-ease condition, are no longer in use in our modern diagnostic 193 systems. While data derived from studies conducted before 1980 had methodological flaws that unfortunately limited the usefulness of the diagnostic criteria, the advent of DSM-III and the current DSM-IV has allowed categorisation of psychotic disorders and schizophrenia to be clearer for clinician communication and scien-tific research.
eBook - PDFClinical Assessment Workbook
Balancing Strengths and Differential Diagnosis
- Elizabeth Pomeroy(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
42 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 3 Disorders The disorders in this section of the DSM-5 (APA, 2013) are arguably the most serious and debilitating of the mental disorders. Generally, these disorders in-volve distortions in the perception of reality; impairments in the capacity to rea-son, speak, and behave rationally; and/or impairments in affect and motivation. In short, these disorders directly or indirectly disrupt all aspects of a client’s life. Currently, a full understanding of the causes of “Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders” remains hidden. However, research supports a multifactorial (both genetic and environmental events) component to these diagnoses. From schizotypal personality disorder to schizophrenia, the underly-ing thread that unites these spectrum disorders is a disturbance in at least one of the five symptom realms that define psychotic disorders. Changing views of psychotic illness along a continuum model have resulted in the incorporation of dimensional assessment measures (which can be found in Section III), whereby psychotic features as well as the inclusion of cognition, depression, and mania will be evaluated on a 0–4 scale, with severity based on the past month’s symp-toms (APA, 2013). Although, Schizotypal Personality Disorder is noted under this category, the full criteria for this disorder are found under “Personality Disorders” in the DSM-5. Delusional Disorder differs in both symptoms and impairment from schizo-phrenia. Disorganization and negative symptoms are not present. While some problems in social and/or vocational functioning are present, they are not severe. New to this fifth version of the DSM is the allowance for all delusions, not just “non-bizarre” and the addition of the “with bizarre content” specifier for integration with the DSM-IV (APA, 2000). This change was made with the aim of improving diagnostic reliability and criterion-related validity.
eBook - PDFIntroduction to Psychiatry
Preclinical Foundations and Clinical Essentials
- Audrey Walker, Steven Schlozman, Jonathan Alpert(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
5 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders DOST ONGUR, FRANCINE BENES, OLIVER FREUDENREICH, MATCHERI KESHAVA, AND ROBERT MCCARLEY Introduction Schizophrenia is the most common and important type of a primary psychotic disorder (i.e., not caused by drugs or a medical condition), representing more than half of all patients with a psychotic disorder. In this chapter, we will follow the DSM-5 framework and review schizophrenia and related disorders as schizophre- nia spectrum disorders (i.e., schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, schizo- phreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder). Schizotypal personality disorder, which is closely related (and often considered a schizophrenia spectrum disorder), is discussed elsewhere in this book. Classification All schizophrenia spectrum disorders are diagnoses of exclusion – that is, the physician needs to obtain a clinical history and carry out the mental status and physical examination in order to rule out other (secondary) causes of psychotic symptoms to make the diagnosis of a primary psychiatric condition as the cause for the psychosis. A distinction between the various psychotic disorders them- selves is made based on presenting symptom patterns and illness course. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is one of the most devastating psychiatric disorders and most important public health problems in the world. It strikes just as individuals are preparing to enter adulthood and often follows a relapsing-remitting lifelong pat- tern. It affects not only the patients but also their families and friends. The term “schizophrenia” is derived from the Greek “schizo” (split, fragment- ed) and “phrenia” (mind) to describe the disjointed experience of people with the disorder (e.g., contradictory thought content and affect). This term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, as many assume.
eBook - PDFClinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders
A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual
- David H. Barlow(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- The Guilford Press(Publisher)
—D. H. B. S chizophrenia is a serious mental health problem that is characterized by positive symptoms of hal- lucinations, delusions, and disorders of thought. Typi- cally, hallucinations are auditory, in the form of hearing voices that often talk about the person and in the third person, although hallucinations can occur in other senses. Delusions are strongly held beliefs that are cul- turally unacceptable or that other people do not share and often involve a misinterpretation of perception or experience. The content of delusions may include a va- riety of themes, including alien control; persecution; reference; and somatic, religious, or grandiose ideas. Disorders of thought are inferred from disruption and disorganization in language. Hallucinations and delu- sions, and sometimes thought disorders, are referred to as “positive symptoms” and reflect an excess or distor- tion of normal functioning. “Negative symptoms” are also frequently present and reflect a decrease in or loss of normal function, including restrictions in the ex- pression of emotions, in the fluency and productivity of thought and language, and in the initiation of behavior. The consequences of these symptoms can be disrup- tions in personal, social, occupational, and vocational functioning. Comorbid disorders, especially depression and anxiety, are frequently present and further impair functioning. Suicide risk is high. Aspects of description, diagnosis, and classification of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have stimulated much debate and C H A P T E R 13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Nicholas Tarrier Katherine Berry Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 523 controversy over the decades, and details can be found in most psychiatry and abnormal psychology text- books. They do not concern us here except to say that there can be considerable variation in clinical presenta- tion between people and in the same person over time.
eBook - PDF- Jair C. Soares, Samuel Gershon, Jair C. Soares, Samuel Gershon(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
6 Classification of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders TONMOY SHARMA and PRIYA BAJAJ Clinical Neuroscience Research Centre, Stonehouse Hospital, Dartford, Kent, England I. INTRODUCTION The need for a classification of mental disorders has been clear throughout the history of medicine, but there has been little agreement on which disorders should be included and the optimal method for their organization. The many nomenclatures that have been developed during the past two millennia have differed in their relative emphasis on phenomenology, etiology, and course as defining features. Some systems have included only a handful of diagnostic categories whereas others have included thousands. Moreover, the various systems for categorizing mental disorders have differed with respect to whether their principal objective was for use in clinical, research, or statistical settings [1]. Attitudes to psychiatric classification have also undergone a revolution in the last generation. In the 1950s and 1960s, psychiatric diagnoses did not occupy center stage in clinical practice. Their reliability was known to be low; it was known that key diagnostic terms like schizophrenia had different meanings in dif-ferent parts of the world. On the other extreme, there were some who argued that diagnostic categories should be abandoned and they believed that all patients require the same treatment—the ‘‘moral regime’’ of the asylum for Neumann and Prichard in the 19th century, and psychotherapy of Rogers and Menninger in the 20th century [2]. However, a clear definition and accurate classifica-tion of a disorder are the first steps in any systematic attempt to understand the pathophysiology and etiol-ogy of the disorder. The revolution in biological psy-chiatry can, in part, be attributed to advances in nosology [3].
- Robert L. Findling, S. Charles Schulz, Javad H. Kashani, Elena Harlan(Authors)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
Certain beliefs that are considered plausible in one culture may seem idiosyncratic in another. Therefore, it is important to assess, based on the cultural context of a given patient, whether or not an individual's thoughts are bizarre. It should also be noted that individuals with delusional disorder often tenaciously adhere to their delusions. It is often quite difficult for other individuals to convince the afflicted person about the erroneous nature of their delusion(s). Auditory or visual hallucinations are not usual features of this condition. If hallucinations do occur, they are not prominent and are typically related to the delusional theme. In addition, as compared with patients with schizo-phrenia, the psychosocial functioning of an individual with delusional dis-order is often not substantially impaired, and his or her behavior is not typically noted to be bizarre or odd. If an individual with delusional dis-order has social or occupational dysfunction, it is usually due to the effects of the delusion. For example, an individual with delusional disorder may begin to exhibit odd behavior if he or she is discussing the delusion with another individual or is acting on the delusion. In addition, an individual with delusional disorder may incorporate random occurrences into the delusional theme. Due to the intense feelings that can be generated by these delusional beliefs, mood disturbances may occur in patients with delusional disorder. However, the mood disturbances seen in delusional disorder are typically brief in comparison to the duration of the condition and are usu-ally in reaction to events related to the delusion. There are several subtypes of delusional disorder. Individuals who have the erotomanic subtype typically have delusions that someone—typically a famous person or one who possesses a higher socioeconomic status—is in love with him or her. Often the afflicted individual may try to seek contact with the loved person.
eBook - PDF- Ronald Comer, Elizabeth Gould, Adrian Furnham(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
H. Freeman and Company, p. 96. Used with permission. antipsychotic drugs medications that help remove the symptoms of schizophrenia. Before You Go On What Do You Know? 16. What is a psychosis? 17. What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? The negative symptoms? The psychomotor symptoms? 18. What biochemical abnormalities and brain structures have been associated with schizophrenia? What Do You Think? We noted in this section that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is a 48% chance that the other twin will do so as well. Discuss how this would support the diathesis-stress model. CHAPTER 19 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 568 Other Psychological Disorders LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6 Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dis- sociative and personality disorders. This chapter will conclude by looking briefly at three addi- tional disorder categories: somatoform disorders, disso- ciative disorders and personality disorders. Each of these disorder categories is problematic, with personality disor- ders having a great deal of overlap and, more fundamentally, somatoform and dissociative disorders being challenged for their very status as diagnostic categories (Holmes, 2010; Spanos, 1996) Somatoform Disorders When a presented physical ailment has no detectable medi- cal cause, it is suggested that the sufferer may be experienc- ing a somatoform disorder , a pattern of physical complaints with largely psychosocial causes. It is assumed that individuals do not consciously want or purposely produce their symptoms: they almost always claim to believe that their symptoms are genuinely medical (Lah- mann et al., 2010). In conversion dis- order, somatization disorder and pain disorder associated with psychological factors, clients present with a change in physical functioning. In hypochondriasis and body dys- morphic disorder, healthy individuals worry that there is something physically wrong with them without medical confirmation.
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