Psychology
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities. Symptoms may include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating. It can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment often involves a combination of therapy and medication.
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12 Key excerpts on "Major Depressive Disorder"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 Major Depressive Disorder Vincent van Gogh's 1890 painting At Eternity's Gate Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) (also known as recurrent depressive disorder , clinical depression , major depression , unipolar depression , or unipolar disorder ) is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. This cluster of symptoms (syndrome) was named, described and classified as one of the mood disorders in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ manual. The term depression is ambiguous. It is often used to denote this syndrome but may refer to any or all of the mood disorders. Major Depressive Disorder is a disabling condition which adversely affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression, although physicians generally request tests for physical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. If depressive disorder is not detected in the early stages it may result in a slow recovery and affect or worsen the person's physical health. The most common time of onset is between the ages of 20 and 30 years, with a later peak between 30 and 40 years. Typically, patients are treated with antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive psychotherapy or counseling although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 14 Major Depressive Disorder Vincent van Gogh's 1890 painting At Eternity's Gate Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) (also known as recurrent depressive disorder , clinical depression , major depression , unipolar depression , or unipolar disorder ) is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. This cluster of symptoms (syndrome) was named, described and classified as one of the mood disorders in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual. The term depression is ambiguous. It is often used to denote this syndrome but may refer to any or all of the mood disorders. Major Depressive Disorder is a disabling condition which adversely affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on the patient's self-reported exp-eriences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression, although physicians generally request tests for physical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. If depressive disorder is not detected in the early stages it may result in a slow recovery and affect or worsen the person's physical health. The most common time of onset is between the ages of 20 and 30 years, with a later peak between 30 and 40 years. Typically, patients are treated with antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive psychotherapy or counseling although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 Major Depressive Disorder Vincent van Gogh's 1890 painting At Eternity's Gate ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) (also known as recurrent depressive disorder , clinical depression , major depression , unipolar depression , or unipolar disorder ) is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. This cluster of symptoms (syndrome) was named, described and classified as one of the mood disorders in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual. The term depression is ambiguous. It is often used to denote this syndrome but may refer to any or all of the mood disorders. Major Depressive Disorder is a disabling condition which adversely affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression, although physicians generally request tests for physical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. If depressive disorder is not detected in the early stages it may result in a slow recovery and affect or worsen the person's physical health. The most common time of onset is between the ages of 20 and 30 years, with a later peak between 30 and 40 years. Typically, patients are treated with antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive psychotherapy or counseling although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-4 Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Vincent van Gogh's 1890 painting At Eternity's Gate ICD-10 F32., F33. ICD-9 296 OMIM 608516 DiseasesDB 3589 MedlinePlus 003213 ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ eMedicine med/532 MeSH D003865 Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) (also known as recurrent depressive disorder , clinical depression , major depression , unipolar depression , or unipolar disorder ) is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term Major Depressive Disorder was selected by the American Psychiatric Association to designate this symptom cluster as a mood disorder in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The general term depression is often used to denote the disorder; but as it can also be used in reference to other types of psychological depression, it is avoided in favor of more precise terminology for the disorder in clinical and research use. Major depression is a disabling condition which adversely affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression, although physicians generally request tests for physical conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
eBook - PDFClinical Assessment Workbook
Balancing Strengths and Differential Diagnosis
- Elizabeth Pomeroy(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
For a listing of differential diagnoses and other criteria see the DSM-5 (APA, 2013, p. 156). The hallmark illness of depression is Major Depressive Disorder. Few chan-ges were made to this diagnosis outside of bereavement as discussed earlier. Detailed directions are provided to help distinguish grief from this disorder (see APA, 2013, p. 161). For diagnosis, five or more symptoms (one of which is either depressed mood or anhedonia) must occur for 2 weeks and signify a departure from preceding functioning. Of note, in children depressed mood is often demonstrated by irritability. The symptoms must result in significant clin-ical distress impairing personal, vocational, or other areas of functioning. Also, the disorder cannot result from the biological effects of a substance or another medical problem (APA, 2013). Coding follows from whether singular or recur-rent episode and includes the descriptive/features, severity, and course status specifiers (for guidelines see APA, 2013, p. 162). By recurrent, “there must be an interval of at least 2 consecutive months between separate episodes in which criteria are not met for a Major Depressive Disorder” (APA, 2013, p. 162). Dysthymic Disorder (DSM-IV-TR) was merged with Chronic Major Depressive Disorder to create a new diagnosis called Persistent Depressive Disorder (APA, 2013). Research has shown that in terms of personal burden this condition can be as disabling as major depression. By definition, this is a chronic condition requiring both a continuous depressed mood and the presence of 2 or more out of 6 criteria symptoms (e.g., hypersomnia, poor concentration). Given the habitual nature and often inward expression of these symptoms, especially in early-onset cases, clinicians may need to in-quire directly about the presence of criteria symptoms. Both criteria must present for a period of 2 or more years (1 year in children), with a period of no more than 2 months where these criteria are not met (APA, 2013).
eBook - PDFDepression
A Primer for Practitioners
- Steven Richards, Michael G. Perri(Authors)
- 2002(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
But this case is realistic (see Spitzer, Gibbon, Skodol, Williams, & First, 1994). This patient has the standard symptoms and signs of Major The Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis of Depression 5 Depressive Disorder as listed in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000a, pp. 356, 375): 1. Depressed mood, nearly every day 2. Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities 3. Significant changes in weight or appetite 4. Difficulty getting enough sleep, or sleeping too much 5. Slow talking, delayed response to others, or slow movement 6. Feeling tired, nearly every day 7. Feeling guilty and worthless 8. Difficulty concentrating, planning, and making decisions 9. Thoughts about suicide, or a plan, or a suicide attempt For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, at least five of the previous nine symptoms must be present, most of the time, for 2 weeks. The symptoms must include either depressed mood (No. 1) or loss of pleasure (No. 2). In addition, the symptoms must be causing significant distress and disruption in day-to-day functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000a, pp. 356, 375). Discussion of the Case Study In the United States, most mental health practitioners follow the diagnostic criteria for depression from the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000a). The patient’s symptoms meet the diag-nostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. Indeed, his symptoms exceed the minimum needed for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder: He has seven of the nine symptoms; he does not have No. 5 (slow responses) or No. 9 (suicidal thoughts or attempts). His symp-toms have been persistently evident for several months, far beyond the 2-week minimum required by DSM-IV-TR. Practitioners may also note the patient’s lack of slow talking, his absence of suicidal thoughts, and his obvious anger; these observations may lead to additional assessment comments and treatment decisions.
- Michel Hersen, Jay C. Thomas(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
The absence of past manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes distinguishes the depressive from the bipolar disorders. The focus of the pre-sent discussion is on the depressive disorders, including Major Depressive Disorder, dysthymic disorder, and depressive disorder not otherwise specified, each of which is briefly discussed in turn. Before addressing these disorders, we will outline the diagnostic criteria for a major depres-sive episode because these criteria are crucial in diagnosing the various depressive disorders. Major Depressive Episode. A major depressive episode is defined as a period of at least 2 weeks involving a range of symptoms that represent a change from prior functioning and are present for most of the day, nearly every day. At least five of nine specific symptoms are required, with at least one of the symptoms involving either a pre-dominantly depressed or irritable (i.e., in children or adolescents) mood or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities. Additional symptoms include a significant change in appetite or weight; change in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia); psychomotor distur-bance (agitation or retardation); fatigue or loss of 134 135 Major Depressive Disorder energy; feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness; and recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt or specific plan. Such symptoms must cause clini-cally significant distress or impairment in func-tioning and do not meet criteria for a mixed episode, which involves symptoms of a manic episode in addition to a major depressive episode. Furthermore, the symptoms must not be caused by a substance or general medical condition and are not better accounted for by bereavement, which is defined as a period of grief occasioned by the death of a lost one, lasting less than 8 weeks.
- David Pilgrim, Anne Rogers, Bernice Pescosolido, David Pilgrim, Anne Rogers, Bernice Pescosolido(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
What is particularly deviant about the depressive is his/her failure to engage in the “pursuit of happiness” or in the love of self that is considered to be normal and basic goal of persons’ (Lutz, 1985: 70). Lutz, among others, argues that this desire for happiness is not a natural but culturally constructed goal and should be compared or contrasted with other equally legitimate definitions of normalcy and expressions of natural states. Similarly, Williams (2000) suggests critical questioning of ‘ideologies and expert led discourses of personal growth, fulfilment and happiness as themselves (all too often) “unhealthy”, promoting rather than mitigating our discontent’ (Williams, 2000: 573). According to Kleinman and Good (1985: 3), ‘it seems reasonable to ask to what extent depression itself is a cultural category, grounded both in a long Western intellectual tradition and a specific medical tradition’. Scientific and cultural understandings of depression have changed over time, and there are significant differences in lay understanding and experience and clinical definitions. The psychiatric and clinical psychological literature does not provide a consistent definition of depression but rather identifies its indicators and manifestations. The DSM IV (1994) distinguishes two conditions, Major Depressive Disorder and dysthymic disorder, which have similar symptoms but different severities based on the number of symptoms (e.g. low self-esteem, insomnia, fatigue and feeling of hopelessness) and aetiology. Qualitative research about the experience of depression provides a different perspective. In Karp’s (1996) analysis of 50 interviews, depression emerges as a deep sense of unhappiness described like a ‘grief’ and resulting in feelings of THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS 130 marginality, neglect and loneliness most often manifesting as frantic anxiety, sleep disturbance and somatic symptoms.
eBook - PDFPseudoscience in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy
A Skeptical Field Guide
- Stephen Hupp(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
The following list summarizes the primary symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, persis- tent depressive disorder (dysthymia), and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, all of which can occur in children and adolescents. The primary symptoms of each of these disorders are as follows: • Major Depressive Disorder – Depressed mood and markedly dimin- ished interest in all, or almost all, activities • Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) – Depressed mood most of the day for most days for at least two years that can be shown as irritability and must be shown for at least two years in children and adolescents • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder – Severe recurrent temper outbursts (verbal or physical) that are out of proportion in duration or intensity for the situation and are inconsistent with developmental level Although bipolar disorders and cyclothymia have depressive features, the DSM-5 categorizes them separately from depressive disorders. Other disorders may have depressive features (e.g., anxiety disorders or trauma and stressor-related disorders), but they are separate classes of disorders in the DSM-5. Therefore, only the DSM-5 depressive disorders will be addressed in this chapter. 9.1 Pseudoscience and Questionable Ideas 9.1.1 Diagnostic Issues and Controversies Although depression and mood disorders in adults have been a research and clinical focus for many decades, they have received increased atten- tion in children and adolescents over the past two to three decades. Perspectives on childhood depression have ranged from the view that it could not exist in children to seeing it as comparable to adult depression.
eBook - ePubSelecting Effective Treatments
A Comprehensive, Systematic Guide to Treating Mental Disorders
- Lourie W. Reichenberg, Linda Seligman(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) has had many names over the years such as neurotic depression, depressive personality disorder, and dysthymia. As more research is conducted, we begin to understand that rather than a characterological trait, persistent depressive disorder is a chronic, low-grade depression that persists for years, and sometimes decades, robbing people of pleasure, of hope, and sometimes even of their lives.The new criteria in DSM-5 combines features of dysthymia and Major Depressive Disorder (from DSM-IV) into one disorder.The 2-year requirement for symptoms of persistent depressive disorder remains intact for adults. For adolescents and children, a minimum duration of one year is required for diagnosis, and the primary symptoms may be irritability rather than depressed mood.People who meet the depression criteria must also report the presence of two or more of the following symptoms: changes in eating habits (overeating or loss of appetite), sleeping too little or too much, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, reduced self-esteem, and loss of hope.Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) can also be fine-tuned based on the dimensional nature of the symptoms. Clinicians can capture features of the disorder such as onset, mood, duration, severity, and type of co-occurring major depressive episode (e.g., persistent, intermittent, current) if such an episode is present. This enables the clinician to provide a more accurate snapshot of the client's symptoms in the moment, which should assist in treatment recommendations and ultimately improve long-term outcomes.Features of cyclothymia, MDD, and other symptoms can also be specified as with anxious distress, with mixed features, with atypical features, with melancholic features, with psychotic features (specify whether mood congruent). Onset of persistent depressive disorder should be specified as either early (before the age of 21), or late (21 or older). With peripartum onset is also an option.Past editions of the DSM
eBook - PDF- Eric Mash, Eric Mash, David Wolfe, Katherine Nguyen Williams(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
DMDD was a new depressive disorder in DSM-5, and, given that, it is the one that we know the least about. In addition, its inclusion in DSM-5 as a depres- sive disorder has generated some controversy with questions about its usefulness as a disorder. In light of this, we briefly consider the context in which DMDD was established as a diagnostic category and some of Section Review 1. Describe children with P-DD. 2. What percentage of children and adoles- cents have an episode of P-DD by the end of adolescence. 3. List the three of the most common disorders accompanying P-DD. Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 378 Part 3 Behavioral and Emotional Disorders 10.6 Associated Characteristics of Depressive Disorders Learning Objectives ● List the three ways that depression affects youth’s cogni- tive functioning. ● Identify the three types of thinking distortions in depression. ● State whether all youths with depression experience low or unstable self-esteem. Now that you have some familiarity with MDD, P-DD, and DMDD, we next consider their associated charac- teristics and possible causes. Young people with depressive disorders experi- ence deficits in intellectual performance and academic achievement and disturbances in self-perceptions, self- esteem, social problem solving, interpersonal behavior, and life stressors (Garber & Kaminsky, 2000).
eBook - PDF- Helen Herrman, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
5: DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY 205 a diagnosis of major depression trigger a ‘usual’ clinical response that is different from management approaches for cases of depression that do not fulfil criteria for major depression or dysthymia? What we can be sure about is that the prevalence of dementia (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) with depressed mood is far more common in late life than among younger people. Such cases may not meet criteria for major depression or dysthymia and yet could well benefit from clinical services. So, too, might patients with minor or subsyndromal depression who on a number of remediable variables have been found to be as impaired as those with major depression (Lyness et al. , 1999, 2007). Varying management approaches will be considered appropriate both within the group with major depression and across the range of depressive disorders. The relevance of these questions becomes obvious when we consider why researchers seek to obtain epidemiological data. Jenkins et al. (1997) outlined reasons for carrying out large-scale community studies of psychiatric morbidity. Firstly, effective policy needs to be based on epidemiology. Secondly, such studies allow needs to be assessed and thus are useful in planning services. As well as providing data on health care needs, epidemiological data lead to insights about aetiology, prevention and treatment of disorders (Swartz and Blazer, 1986). How-ever, meaningful conclusions about factors related to clinically significant depressions will be limited if a majority of cases of depression are excluded from consideration in such studies. Clearly, the validity of conclusions about service needs must also be in doubt if, through strict application of diagnostic criteria (as in Henderson et al. ’s 1998 study), only a small, select proportion of the cases of depression are identified as be-ing in need of services.
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