Psychology
Depressive Disorder
Depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities. It can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life. Symptoms may include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment often involves a combination of therapy and medication.
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11 Key excerpts on "Depressive Disorder"
eBook - PDFClinical Assessment Workbook
Balancing Strengths and Differential Diagnosis
- Elizabeth Pomeroy(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
101 Depressive Disorders 5 Disorders The diagnoses in the Depressive Disorders section of the DSM-5 (APA, 2013) are characterized by changes in a person’s emotional state (e.g., sadness, ir-ritability) that coincide with somatic symptoms (e.g., aches, insomnia) and cognitive disturbances (e.g., negative thinking, poor concentrating) that are sufficiently severe to cause significant clinical distress and/or disruption in psy-chosocial functioning. This category contains diagnoses that were previously listed in the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) under the Mood Disorders Category and later divided into two groups “Depressive Disorders” and “Bipolar Disorders” due to differences in etiology and treatment approaches. Depression like mania is a mood disorder that can influence and disrupt an individual’s normal func-tioning. The term mood refers to an internally experienced emotional state that influences an individual’s thinking and behavior. A related term, affect , refers more specifically to the external demonstration of one’s mood or emotions. This distinction is important because affect and mood may differ; that is, people do not always display accurately in their affect what their mood actually is. This section of the DSM-5 is organized around eight Depressive Disorders, some of the most prevalent and often chronic but also treatable mental health conditions. Research has led to an understanding that the chronicity of depres-sion as well as severity can cause serious impairment and this change is reflected in the DSM-5. Other more controversial changes include the elimination of the “bereave-ment exclusion” for major depressive episodes in recognition that often grief and depression co-occur with a detailed note to aid differentiation. This change acknowledges that typical bereavement often has a much longer duration than the previous two-month duration.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 Major Depressive Disorder Vincent van Gogh's 1890 painting At Eternity's Gate Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) (also known as recurrent Depressive Disorder , clinical depression , major depression , unipolar depression , or unipolar disorder ) is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. This cluster of symptoms (syndrome) was named, described and classified as one of the mood disorders in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ manual. The term depression is ambiguous. It is often used to denote this syndrome but may refer to any or all of the mood disorders. Major Depressive Disorder is a disabling condition which adversely affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. The diagnosis of major Depressive Disorder is based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for major depression, although physicians generally request tests for physical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. If Depressive Disorder is not detected in the early stages it may result in a slow recovery and affect or worsen the person's physical health. The most common time of onset is between the ages of 20 and 30 years, with a later peak between 30 and 40 years. Typically, patients are treated with antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive psychotherapy or counseling although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable.
- David Pilgrim, Anne Rogers, Bernice Pescosolido, David Pilgrim, Anne Rogers, Bernice Pescosolido(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
What is particularly deviant about the depressive is his/her failure to engage in the “pursuit of happiness” or in the love of self that is considered to be normal and basic goal of persons’ (Lutz, 1985: 70). Lutz, among others, argues that this desire for happiness is not a natural but culturally constructed goal and should be compared or contrasted with other equally legitimate definitions of normalcy and expressions of natural states. Similarly, Williams (2000) suggests critical questioning of ‘ideologies and expert led discourses of personal growth, fulfilment and happiness as themselves (all too often) “unhealthy”, promoting rather than mitigating our discontent’ (Williams, 2000: 573). According to Kleinman and Good (1985: 3), ‘it seems reasonable to ask to what extent depression itself is a cultural category, grounded both in a long Western intellectual tradition and a specific medical tradition’. Scientific and cultural understandings of depression have changed over time, and there are significant differences in lay understanding and experience and clinical definitions. The psychiatric and clinical psychological literature does not provide a consistent definition of depression but rather identifies its indicators and manifestations. The DSM IV (1994) distinguishes two conditions, major Depressive Disorder and dysthymic disorder, which have similar symptoms but different severities based on the number of symptoms (e.g. low self-esteem, insomnia, fatigue and feeling of hopelessness) and aetiology. Qualitative research about the experience of depression provides a different perspective. In Karp’s (1996) analysis of 50 interviews, depression emerges as a deep sense of unhappiness described like a ‘grief’ and resulting in feelings of THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS 130 marginality, neglect and loneliness most often manifesting as frantic anxiety, sleep disturbance and somatic symptoms.
eBook - PDFPseudoscience in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy
A Skeptical Field Guide
- Stephen Hupp(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
The following list summarizes the primary symptoms of major Depressive Disorder, persis- tent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia), and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, all of which can occur in children and adolescents. The primary symptoms of each of these disorders are as follows: • Major Depressive Disorder – Depressed mood and markedly dimin- ished interest in all, or almost all, activities • Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) – Depressed mood most of the day for most days for at least two years that can be shown as irritability and must be shown for at least two years in children and adolescents • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder – Severe recurrent temper outbursts (verbal or physical) that are out of proportion in duration or intensity for the situation and are inconsistent with developmental level Although bipolar disorders and cyclothymia have depressive features, the DSM-5 categorizes them separately from Depressive Disorders. Other disorders may have depressive features (e.g., anxiety disorders or trauma and stressor-related disorders), but they are separate classes of disorders in the DSM-5. Therefore, only the DSM-5 Depressive Disorders will be addressed in this chapter. 9.1 Pseudoscience and Questionable Ideas 9.1.1 Diagnostic Issues and Controversies Although depression and mood disorders in adults have been a research and clinical focus for many decades, they have received increased atten- tion in children and adolescents over the past two to three decades. Perspectives on childhood depression have ranged from the view that it could not exist in children to seeing it as comparable to adult depression.
eBook - PDF- Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
If these thoughts are many, persistent and not amenable to change by reason, they are regarded as delusions and qualify for the diagnosis of mood-congruent (delusional-psychotic) depression. When thoughts are discordant with the depressed mood, and delusions of persecution, thought insertion, thought broadcasting and other similar delusions predominate, then mood-incongruent (delusional- psychotic) depression is diagnosed. Whether these cognitive disturbances DIAGNOSIS OF Depressive DisorderS: A REVIEW 11 result in depressed mood, as the cognitive theorists view it, or they are the derivatives of the depressed mood state, is still a debatable issue of limited interest to the practicing physician. Psychomotor Disturbances Psychomotor disturbances have the advantage of being readily observed and even objectively measured. They include, on the one hand, agitation (hyperactivity) and on the other, retardation (hypoactivity). Although agitation, usually accompanied by anxiety, irritability and restlessness, is a common symptom of depression, it lacks specificity. In contrast, retardation, manifested as slowing of bodily movements, mask-like facial expression, lengthening of reaction time to stimuli, increased speech paucity and, at its extreme, as an inability to move or to be mentally and emotionally activated (stupor), is considered a core symptom of depression. Their presence is currently being used as a diagnostic symptom of the melancholic type of depression in DSM-IV and the severe depression with somatic symptoms in ICD-10. Vegetative Symptoms Vegetative symptoms constitute the most biologically rooted clinical features of Depressive Disorders and are commonly used as reliable indicators of severity (severe depression with somatic symptoms in ICD-10 and melan- cholia in DSM-IV).
- Michel Hersen, Jay C. Thomas(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
10 M AJOR D EPRESSIVE D ISORDER K EITH S. D OBSON AND M ARTIN C. S CHERRER D ESCRIPTION OF THE D ISORDER Both depression and the often comorbid condi-tion of anxiety, as Dozois and Dobson (2004) recently observed, “are frequently referred to as the common colds of mental disorders” (p. 1). Though accurate in its reflection of the wide-spread nature of depression, such a view fails to reflect just how debilitating and costly this condition is to those who experience it and to society in general (Dozois & Dobson, 2004). Accurate assessment of clinical depression is a critical step in the conceptualization and treat-ment planning process, and a central element of such assessment is clinical interviewing. After a brief review of the Depressive Disorders, we will examine interviewing strategies in general and in the context of major Depressive Disorder and then consider behavioral assessment and differential diagnosis. Finally, we will address the implications for assessment in terms of treatment planning, with particular emphasis on cognitive-behavioral models of case formulation as an avenue through which ideographic information is applied to a general and empirically supported intervention. DSM-IV-TR Depressive Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) includes under “Mood Disorders” the conditions with the defining feature of a disturbance in mood. Three categories are delineated: the depressive disor-ders, the bipolar disorders, and two disorders based on etiology, mood disorder due to a general medical condition and substance-induced mood disorder. The absence of past manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes distinguishes the depressive from the bipolar disorders. The focus of the pre-sent discussion is on the Depressive Disorders, including major Depressive Disorder, dysthymic disorder, and Depressive Disorder not otherwise specified, each of which is briefly discussed in turn.
eBook - ePubSelecting Effective Treatments
A Comprehensive, Systematic Guide to Treating Mental Disorders
- Lourie W. Reichenberg, Linda Seligman(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Prognosis in the case of depression due to another medical condition will be directly related to the prognosis for the medical condition. Thus depression is likely to dissipate as the client recovers from the medical condition. Medical conditions that become terminal, however, are likely to exacerbate any co-occurring mental disorder.Other Specified and Unspecified Depressive Disorders
DSM-5 provides two other diagnostic options that clinicians might choose from if the symptoms fail to meet the specified diagnostic criteria for a Depressive Disorder or if the clinician does not know or chooses not to state why the criteria are not met.The other specified Depressive Disorder designation might be used in brief depressive episodes of 4 to 13 days that do not meet the duration criterion, in depressive episodes with insufficient symptoms (i.e., depressed affect with only one other symptom), or in other cases in which the clinician chooses to communicate that symptoms of any of the Depressive Disorders were present, but the DSM-5 criteria were not met.The unspecified Depressive Disorder diagnosis is given if the clinician chooses not to specify the reason the criteria are not met or there is insufficient information to make the diagnosis, as might occur in an emergency room setting.Treatment Recommendations: Client Map
Types of mood disorders discussed in this chapter include major Depressive Disorder (MDD), persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD; dysthymia), and two new disorders in DSM-5
Available until 23 Dec |Learn more- Michael B. First, Andrew E. Skodol, Janet B. W. Williams, Robert L. Spitzer(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- American Psychiatric Association Publishing(Publisher)
Given the precedence of chronicity over severity in the definition of Persistent Depressive Disorder, the severity of the depression during the 2-year period can vary widely from case to case. Some individuals have relatively mild chronic depression, which is below the severity threshold for Major Depressive Disorder. Other individuals with Persistent Depressive Disorder have a background of chronic mild depression punctuated by recurrent episodes of Major Depressive Disorder, a situation that has been referred to as “double depression.” Finally, other individuals have severe chronic depression, in which their presentation essentially meets the diagnostic requirements for Major Depressive Disorder every day for the 2-year period. Note that for both of these latter two situations, it is necessary to give the additional diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to indicate that the depression has been severe enough to reach the severity threshold of a Major Depressive Episode.Persistent Depressive Disorder varies by age at onset, which can be specified as Early Onset (before age 21 years) or Late Onset (at age 21 years or older). Persons with Early Onset are more likely to develop Personality Disorders (see Chapter 18 ) and Substance Use Disorders (see Chapter 16
eBook - PDF- Eric Mash, Eric Mash, David Wolfe, Katherine Nguyen Williams(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
DMDD was a new Depressive Disorder in DSM-5, and, given that, it is the one that we know the least about. In addition, its inclusion in DSM-5 as a depres- sive disorder has generated some controversy with questions about its usefulness as a disorder. In light of this, we briefly consider the context in which DMDD was established as a diagnostic category and some of Section Review 1. Describe children with P-DD. 2. What percentage of children and adoles- cents have an episode of P-DD by the end of adolescence. 3. List the three of the most common disorders accompanying P-DD. Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 378 Part 3 Behavioral and Emotional Disorders 10.6 Associated Characteristics of Depressive Disorders Learning Objectives ● List the three ways that depression affects youth’s cogni- tive functioning. ● Identify the three types of thinking distortions in depression. ● State whether all youths with depression experience low or unstable self-esteem. Now that you have some familiarity with MDD, P-DD, and DMDD, we next consider their associated charac- teristics and possible causes. Young people with Depressive Disorders experi- ence deficits in intellectual performance and academic achievement and disturbances in self-perceptions, self- esteem, social problem solving, interpersonal behavior, and life stressors (Garber & Kaminsky, 2000).
eBook - PDF- Helen Herrman, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Some symptoms reduce quality of life (sadness, anhedonia, psychomotor retardation), some produce distress (anxiety, sadness, insomnia, depressive thoughts) and some are potentially life threatening (suicidal thoughts, attempts, loss of weight). Have such comparisons been addressed in a research design? This is a drawback of the current classificatory systems, which depend on counting the number of symptoms present in order to make a diagnosis. This system presumes that all the symptoms are of equal importance and morbidity. The problems in diagnosing and treating Depressive Disorders when the number of symptoms is insufficient are well recognised. The distress in subthreshold Depressive Disorders has been discussed in the literature and the need for its treatment has been acknowledged. Counting numbers of symptoms or measuring scores on depression scales appears futile. Similarly, the duration criteria have their limitations. If a person identifies severe symp-toms for a few hours or a day or two, can it not be diagnosed as a Depressive Disorder? This is particularly true of a person who has had previous episodes of depression and may perceive a relapse early enough. Depressive Disorders Third Edition Edited by Helen Herrman, Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius C 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 36 Depressive DisorderS In this chapter, Gordon Parker has rightly suggested a need for examining alternative models for classifying Depressive Disorders. One such model could be a multiaxial system that also incorporates aetiological factors. Other axes could be related to duration, severity, presence or absence of main classes of symptoms. For example, the signs and symptoms of depression can be classified into certain categories – mood symptoms, behavioural symptoms, cognitive symptoms, biological symptoms, physical symptoms and psychotic symptoms.
- Michel Hersen, Jay C. Thomas(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
Disruptive behavior disorders are commonly misdiagnosed in depressed youth, especially in boys, who may tend to manifest externalizing symptoms of depression, such as irritable mood, interpersonal conflict, and apathy or defiance. For example, between 15 % and 30 % of depressed children and adolescents are diagnosed with con-duct disorder (Angold & Costello, 1993). Careful identification of symptom onset and duration is helpful in distinguishing between a Depressive Disorder and a disruptive behavior disorder, in that the conditions should be diagnosed together only when a child meets criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder when mood symptoms are not present, and vice versa. If the child or adolescent evidences disturbances in behavior only when depressed, depression should be the sole diagno-sis. Similarly, when a child or adolescent exhibits a disturbance in mood characterized by irritabil-ity rather than by sadness or loss of interest and pleasure, the interviewer must be cautious not to misdiagnose depression when a disruptive behav-ior disorder would better account for the mood symptoms noted. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, share several symptoms with depression, such as irri-tability, weight loss, sleep disturbance, social withdrawal, diminished interest, and concen-tration difficulties (Grabill et al., 2001). When 149 Depressive Disorders evaluating a child or adolescent who has experi-enced significant weight loss or who has failed to make expected developmental weight gains, the interviewer must conduct a meticulous assess-ment of the child’s cognitions to ascertain whether the individual has a desire for excessive weight loss or has an excessive fear of gaining weight. If so, a diagnosis of anorexia should be considered as opposed to, or in addition to, a diagnosis of Depressive Disorder.
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