End of Life Product

4 Key excerpts on "End of Life Product"

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  eBook - PDF

  Roadmap to Greener Computing

  • Raoul-Abelin Choumin Nguemaleu, Lionel Montheu(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  149 C H A P T E R 5 End-of-Life Opportunities for Computers and Computer Parts ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS CAD: Computer aided design CDROM: Compact disc read-only memory EOL: End of Life EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency IT: Information technology PC: Personal computer PVC: Polyvinyl chloride, which is used in a wide variety of manufactured products WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive 5.1 INTRODUCTION End of life (EOL) is a terminology used in product lifecycle management, mostly in the development, maintenance, and marketing fields, to signify that a product has reached the end of its useful lifetime and will no longer be marketed, sold, or sustained. In this case, the production for this prod-uct will be restricted, transferred, or ended. 150 ◾ Roadmap to Greener Computing Not all products have the same lifecycle curve, as this depends on many factors. Fad items, also known as short-term items, have a duration time as short as a few months. They enjoy a few months of unexpected popularity, but disappear just as quickly as they appear. On the other hand, trend or long-term products, such as a computer, have a duration that can be up to or exceed a decade. Even with distinct lifecycle curves, the life phases of all products remain the same: Development, Introduction to the Market, Growth, Maturity, Decline, and EOL. When a company develops a product, the primary objective is to have a long product lifecycle, in order that the company can get returns on all investments into the product’s development as well as additional profit. However, with time, every product technically becomes obsolete, that is, eventually it is forced out of the market by newer products or its manufacture is stopped because the product no longer brings returns. Products live only if they survive market competition, that is, if they can satisfy and fulfill consumers’ needs that other competing products do not fulfill.

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  eBook - PDF

  Buying, Supporting, Maintaining Software and Equipment

  An IT Manager's Guide to Controlling the Product Lifecycle

  • Gay Gordon-Byrne(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Auerbach Publications

    (Publisher)

  295 17 End of Service Life and Obsolescence INTRODUCTION Many vendors manipulate users into replacement purchases or upgrades based on the impending event of End of Service Life (EOSL). Although there are business reasons for the manufacturer to cease investing in active support, EOSL does not mean that the product (or application) itself is no longer useful or useable. EOSL most often marks the total transition of support from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to an inde-pendent provider. DEFINING END OF SERVICE LIFE End of Service Life (EOSL) is a formal announcement made by the OEM that it will no longer diagnose and correct defects in software (including embedded software and machine code) or will no longer offer hardware maintenance contracts for that model. Most manufacturers drop active sup-port of software, including machine code, long before they drop active support of hardware. Understanding the meaning of EOSL as distinct from obsolescence is key to controlling the life of the asset (or application) in your enterprise. The need for patching and changes to software is simply more frequent and results in major new releases more frequently than for hardware. It is also the case that software is more profitable to the vendor than hardware, so the OEM/developer typically focus sales efforts on the areas of high-est profitability. 296 • Buying, Supporting, Maintaining Software and Equipment EOSL is far more meaningful for software products. It is burdensome to support multiple versions of the same product, particularly if the prod-uct design changed substantially between releases. Yet continued upgrade cycles are not welcomed by end users, as each iteration of a product often comes with new headaches and new learning curves. In addition to driving new product sales, there is little reason for OEMs to officially drop support for older hardware. Any OEM could continue to repair parts and continue to subcontract for labor indefinitely.

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  eBook - ePub

  Responsible Manufacturing

  Issues Pertaining to Sustainability

  • Ammar Y. Alqahtani, Elif Kongar, Kishore K. Pochampally, Surendra M. Gupta(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3

  Effects of Product Designs on End-of-Life Product R ecovery under Uncertainty

  Aditi D. Joshi and Surendra M. Gupta CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery 3.2.2 Disassembly 3.2.3 Remanufacturing 3.2.4 Heuristic Procedures 3.2.5 Environmentally Conscious Product Design 3.3 Problem Statement 3.4 Nomenclature 3.5 Heuristic Technique 3.5.1 Mathematical Formulation for Heuristic Procedures 3.5.2 One-to-One Heuristic Approach 3.5.3 One-to-Many Heuristic Approach 3.6 Linear Physical Programming 3.6.1 One vs. Others Criteria Rule (OVO Rule) 3.6.2 The Algorithm 3.7 Mathematical Model Using Linear Physical Programming Model 3.7.1 Total Profit 3.7.1.1 Resale Revenue 3.7.1.2 Total Disassembly Cost 3.7.1.3 Total Disposal Cost 3.7.1.4 Total Holding Cost 3.7.1.5 Total Outside Procurement Cost 3.7.1.6 Total Recycling Cost 3.7.1.7 Total Remanufacturing Cost 3.7.1.8 Total Product Purchase Cost 3.7.2 Constraints 3.7.2.1 Disassembly Process 3.7.2.2 Reuse Process 3.7.2.3 Recycling Process 3.7.2.4 Disposal Process 3.8 Numerical Example 3.9 Results 3.10 Conclusion References 3.1 Introduction

  Lately, the use of consumer products has increased tremendously. A variety of new products and existing products with updated technologies are being continuously introduced into the market; consequently, consumers constantly upgrade their products to keep up with the new technology. This forces the products to reach their end of life (EOL) sooner. Therefore, even though a product is in good condition, its disposal is inevitable. Most products are eventually disposed of in landfills, and due to the increasing rate of waste production, the available landfills are quickly filling up, reducing the number of landfills at an alarming rate.

  To protect the environment from such hazardous waste, governments have enforced strict rules and regulations. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or product recovery facilities are responsible for products beyond their useful lives. To comply with government rules and regulations and to earn profits, OEMs implement product recovery techniques such as recycling, remanufacturing, and disposal. Disassembly is also an important technique and is normally carried out as a first operation in the product recovery process.

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  Disassembly Modeling for Assembly, Maintenance, Reuse and Recycling

  • A.J.D. (Fred) Lambert, Surendra M. Gupta(Authors)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Thus, industrial ecology seeks to exploit sustainable energy resources and to close the materials cycles. This takes place via waste reduction and the utilization of waste streams as a resource. For an extensive discussion of the basic concepts and many examples of industrial ecology see the books by Ayres and Ayres (1996), and Graedel and Allenby (1995). Since this book focuses on materials flows in the technosystem, the following basic concepts of industrial ecology are noteworthy: 1. Product life cycle 2. Product recovery 3. Cascading These are discussed in the subsequent subsections. 2.2.2 P RODUCT L IFE C YCLE 2.2.2.1 General At least two interpretations of product life cycle appear in the literature, which include conceptual life cycle and physical life cycle. Context of End-of-Life Disassembly 25 1. The conceptual life cycle refers to the duration of time in which a product is considered viable in the market. The conceptual life cycle comprises the design phase, the production phase, the state-of-the-art (useful) phase, and finally the phase of product’s decline. In this final phase, the product becomes outdated and needs replacing even though the product is tech-nically sound. Depending on the product, the conceptual life cycle may encompass an appreciable period of time. On the other hand, electronic products such as computers and mobile phones tend to have substantially shorter conceptual life cycles. A shorter conceptual life cycle causes products to be discarded, even if they still are technically sound, thus preventing their components from being reused in new or remanufactured products. 2. The physical life cycle refers to the duration of time that spans from the production of a product up to the moment that it is discarded. If the end of physical life cycle surpasses the end of conceptual life cycle, the product is still usable although it is technically outdated.

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