Technology & Engineering
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. Conversely, these materials can also deform when subjected to an electric field. This phenomenon is utilized in various technologies, such as sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices, due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa.
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11 Key excerpts on "Piezoelectricity"
eBook - ePubEnergy Harvesting and Storage Devices
Sustainable Materials and Methods
- Laxman Raju Thoutam, J. Ajayan, D. Nirmal, Laxman Raju Thoutam, J. Ajayan, D. Nirmal(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The recent surge in the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled consumer devices into everyday lives, augmenting the extensive use of self-sustainable hand-held portable low-power electronic devices. This demand has triggered the usage of smart materials in power, energy, and consumer electronics industries. It is expected that the smart materials industry will reach a high market value of $73 billion by 2022 indicating its vast potential affecting global economies [ 1 ]. The salient features of smart materials, including the immediate response, self-actuation, high selectivity, locally directive response make them an ideal choice for the design of next-generation energy-efficient devices [ 2 ]. Piezeoelectric materials, are a special class of smart materials that are widely explored for energy storage and conversion applictions. The chapter briefly discusses the role of different piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting and storage mechanisms. The chapter highlights the salient features of piezoelectric materials and outlines different methodologies to increase the piezoelectric properties to achieve higher output energy conversion efficiencies. The chapter extensively discusses the physical mechanisms and applications of single crystal, polycrystal, polymers, and composite piezoelectric materials for myriad energy scavenging applications. 1.2 Piezoelectric Materials Piezoelectricity refers to the ability of a material to generate electricity upon application of external mechanical stress or tension. In other words, piezoelectric material can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Piezoelectricity is intrinsic to a material and its origin stems from ionically bonded positive and negative ions in its internal atomic structure. With no external force applied, the positive and negative ions are randomly scattered inside the material yielding net zero charge and thus maintaining charge neutrality
eBook - PDF- Thomas B. Jones, Nenad G. Nenadic(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
Furthermore, they have the practical advan- tage of being self-biasing, obviating the need for a DC voltage source. Finally, piezo- electric materials are generally inexpensive. The broad subject of Piezoelectricity and the technology based on it is well-covered by some excellent volumes to which the reader may wish to refer [2, 3]. This chap- ter provides a basic introduction to the intrinsic behavior of piezoelectric solids and introduces lumped parameter electromechanical network models for each of the three principal piezoelectric actuation mechanisms. This treatment is limited to low-frequency behavior, where a quasistatic model is sufficient. Within the confines of the approx- imation, certain similarities arise between these circuit models and those derived in Chapter 4 for capacitive transducers. A detailed analysis is presented for a piezo- electric element used to drive a cantilevered beam. The chapter concludes by intro- ducing a model for a piezoelectric sensor connected to an op-amp based charge amplifier. 8.2 Electromechanics of piezoelectric materials 373 (a) (b) Figure 8.1 Examples of novel piezoelectric structures for MEMS transducers. (a) High-aspect- ratio square pillars consisting of a Ni layer capping PZT (lead zirconium titanate) columns [1] C Institute of Physics. (b) Buckling Al beam supported at both ends and actuated from beneath by a PZT film deposited on a silicon nitride bar [4] C IEEE. 8.2 Electromechanics of piezoelectric materials The piezoelectric effect is an intrinsic electromechanical mechanism. It arises in certain classes of crystalline and semicrystalline materials from asymmetries in the spatial distribution of the ions forming the lattice structure. Both natural and man-made crystals exhibit the effect. Semicrystalline polymers also exhibit Piezoelectricity believed to arise from interactions between free charge groups in adjacent long-chain molecules within the polymer matrix.
- Peter Spies, Markus Pollak, Loreto Mateu, Peter Spies, Markus Pollak, Loreto Mateu(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Jenny Stanford Publishing(Publisher)
Their high electromechanical coupling factors, good acoustic impedance, low thickness, and mechanical flexibility make these transducers useful for ultrasonic and in-plane stress sensing. They are also well suited for active vibration reduction applications, especially when incorporated in fiber-reinforced polymer devices. 3.2.1 Physical Phenomena This section deals merely with the fundamental aspects of piezoelec-tricity: What is the physical phenomenon behind it and how can the effect be described? For a more detailed appraisal of piezoceramic transducers, please refer to the literature. Uchino and Giniewicz [3] provide a full and comprehensive explanation of the physical properties of piezoelectrics. A necessary condition for a material to exhibit Piezoelectricity is that its crystal structure lacks a center of symmetry. These materials possess intrinsic polarity as they are constituted of oriented dipoles. Subjecting piezoelectric materials to a mechanical stress or an electrical field changes the distance between the positive and negative dipoles. This leads to a net polarization and therefore an electrical charge or a macroscopic change of the dimensions of the transducer. Crystalline materials that show spontaneous polariza-tion are called polar crystals. The magnitude of the polarization depends largely on the environment temperature. This is called the Material Processing 85 pyro-electric effect . Pyro-electric crystals whose polarization can be reversed by an electric field are called ferroelectric crystals . The term ferroelectric is used because of its analogy with ferromagnetism. Crystals that demonstrate the ferroelectric effect exhibit a strain linearly proportional to the applied electric field. When the strain is quadratically proportional to the applied electric field, the phenomenon is defined as electrostriction .
eBook - PDF- W A Bullough, Keith Worden, J Haywood(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- World Scientific(Publisher)
The basic idea, proposed by Rosen in the 1950s, is to excite one region of a piezoelectric material electrically with a driving sine wave and to collect the transformed Acoustic Transducers 149 Table 6.1 Piezoelectric charge constants for several piezoelectric materials of interest. ^33 d-si Material ( x l C T ^ m V -1 ) ( x H T ^ m V -1 ) BaTiOs 191 -7 8 P V D F -3 3 2 14 PZT-4 289 -1 2 3 PZT-5A 374 -1 7 1 PZT-5H 593 -2 7 4 electrical output from another region which is mechanically coupled with the first [13]. These devices have higher efficiency in resonant mode than their electromagnetic counterparts and arc widely used to power, for exam-ple, backlights for portable computers. 6.3 Acoustic Transducers The first technological application of Piezoelectricity was realized in the years around the First World War by Paul Langevin, who built an acoustic transducer for naval application: the first piezoelectric sonar. Thanks to the direct coupling between electrical and mechanical systems and the high resonant frequency, quartz crystals sandwiched in steel were found to be very appropriate for the emission of the sonar chirp. Piezoelectric sonars have been improved since for better coupling with the water medium and by including piezoelectric ceramics rather than quartz. Piezoelectric materials, especially PVDF, are often used for the 'tweeters' in modern loudspeaker systems and, as mentioned before, in a host of medical applications from echo-graphic devices to ultrasound surgery. 6.4 Piezoelectric Actuators New actuators with better performance are always sought for mechatronics devices and micro-electro-mechanical systems. Among the many technolo-gies available, piezoelectric actuation offers high speed, precision and high energy densities. Different piezoelectric materials have been used for actu-ation in a wide range of applications, sometimes to exploit particular ad-
eBook - ePub- Rohit Srivastava(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of the piezoelectric materials creates the built-in electric field owing to the change in the dipole moment when subjected to mechanical pressure, which provides a unique and excellent catalytic property (Kakekhani and Ismail-Beigi 2015, Wang et al. 2017). The internal potential difference created by these materials provides the built-in electric field to improve the separation of the charge carriers in the photocatalytic process (Damjanovic 1998). However, these concepts are still under investigation. One of the key applications in the utilization of the developed potential difference of piezoelectric materials (when subjected to mechanical activation) for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. The use of free energy present in the ambient environment for pollutant degradation is an exciting application. This chapter highlights both the fundamental principles and the recent development in the domain of piezoelectric nanogenerator. Various materials (ceramics, polymers, nanocomposites), device structural designs, performances, strategies for the improvement of performance and the piezoelectric field and its influence on the catalytic and photocatalytic environmental remediation have been highlighted. Several recent publications as representative examples to indicate the various directions of research focus are explained. The key challenges encountered for further improving the energy harvesting performance and future perspectives for the development of next-generation mechanical energy harvesters are highlighted. Fundamental theory and principles of nanogenerator The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie. It is the property of the material based on which it generates a potential difference when mechanical pressure is exerted (Fig. 10.2)
eBook - PDFPiezoelectric Materials
From Fundamentals to Emerging Applications
- Jiagang Wu(Author)
- 2024(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
573 20 Piezoelectricity in Biomedical Applications Laiming Jiang and Jiagang Wu Sichuan University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China 20.1 Introduction Advances in biomedicine impacts human well-being. In recent years, with the reform and development of healthcare, the treatment paradigm has gradually shifted from hospital-centric to patient-centric, greatly encouraging the develop- ment of portable, miniaturized, and multifunctional bio-electronic products for personalized medicine [1, 2], which has far-reaching socio-economic implications. Emerging material science and processing technology developments have facilitated the development of personalized bioelectronics for monitoring vital information, such as physical activity and vital signs, and providing noninvasive, engaging, and dynamic health assessments and personalized medicine [1]. Due to the inherent properties of piezoelectric materials, their application can allow for the reversible conversion of mechanical and electrical energy, permitting efficient electromechanical coupling, fast response curves, and simple engineering structures. Piezoelectric technology not only acts as an energy harvester but also provides active sensing capabilities in the form of tactile sensing, stress or strain sensing, acoustic sensing, and more [1, 3]. When connected to the human body, piezoelectric devices can monitor weak physiological signals of human activity, including pulse detection, respiration monitoring, tissue elastic modulus calculation, blood flow monitoring, and more. In addition to these applications, the electricity generated is also used extensively for in situ electrical stimulation, cellular/neural activity regulation, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery.
eBook - PDFPiezoelectric Materials and Devices
Practice and Applications
- Farzad Ebrahimi(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
Chapter 7 Design and Application of Piezoelectric Stacks in Level Sensors Andrzej Buchacz and Andrzej Wróbel Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54580 1. Introduction In recent years there is growing interest of materials, called smart materials. They have one or more properties that can be significantly changed. Smartness describes abilities of shape, size and state of aggregation changes. The main groups of smart materials are: • piezoelectric plates, • magneto-rheostatic materials, • electro-rheostatic materials, • shape memory alloys. Those materials are widely used in technology and their numbers of applications still growing. Piezoelectric effect was discovered by French physicists Peter and Paul Curie in the 1880s. They described generation of electric charge on the surface with various shape during its deformation in different directions. In their research, first of all, they focused on tourmaline crystal, salt and quartz. In 1881s Gabriel Lippman suggested the existence of the reverse piezoelectric phenomenon, which was confirmed experimentally by the Curie brothers. As a solution of research such two, unique properties of piezoelectric materials were assigned: • showing of simple piezoelectric effect, which rely on generating of voltage after deformation of material, • reverse piezoelectric effect, which rely on changing of sizes (by around 4%) after applying a voltage to piezoelectric facing. © 2013 Buchacz and Wróbel; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
eBook - ePub2D Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
Graphene and Beyond
- Spyridon Zafeiratos(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
1Piezoelectricity of 2D materials and its applications toward mechanical energy harvesting
Sujoy Kumar Ghosh1 and Dipankar Mandal1 ,2,1 Organic Nano-Piezoelectric Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India,2 Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, IndiaAbstract
In recent years, research on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has become one of the leading topics in condensed matter physics and materials science. The noncentrosymmetric structure of the 2D layered materials exhibits great potential for nanoscale electromechanical systems and electronic devices. In one hand, the 2D piezoelectric materials are easy to integrate with the state-of-the-art electronic technologies. On the other hand, the possible combination of Piezoelectricity with other unusual properties in 2D materials may give birth to new physics and innovative devices design for novel applications. In this chapter, we present an overview of recent breakthroughs in Piezoelectricity of 2D materials and their applications toward mechanical energy harvesting, covering from the fundamental principles to their vast applications in mechanical energy harvesting and adaptive electronics/optoelectronics. Considering the development so far, a concise discussion of possible future strategy in this research field is presented.Keywords
2D materials; Piezoelectricity; energy harvesting; nanogenerator1.1 Introduction
In the past two decades, with the rapid growth of the Internet of things, enormous small electronics such as sensors, actuators, and wireless transmitters have been integrated into every corner of this world for health monitoring, biochemical detection, environmental protection, remote controls, wireless transmission, and security. Each of these devices requires only small-scale power in microwatt (μW) to milliwatt (mW) level, which also demands the power source with the characteristics of mobility, sustainability, and availability. Traditionally, batteries are commonly used to power these devices. However, monitoring, managing, and recycling the large quantities of batteries with limited lifetime are extremely difficult tasks, and the waste hazard chemicals left in the exhausted batteries has become another crucial threat to the environment. Therefore, new technologies that can harvest energy from the environment as sustainable self-sufficient micro/nanopower sources offer a possible solution [1]
eBook - PDF- Bernard Jaffe(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
The use of the title "Piezoelectric 16 PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS Ceramics" rather than "Electrostrictive Ceramics" is thus justified on scientific as well as technological grounds. B. SYMMETRY AND EQUATIONS OF STATE OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT IN CERAMICS A ceramic is an agglomeration of small crystals, fitted together in a random way. As a ceramic is cooled from the high-temperature paraelectric state to the ferroelectric state, the unit cell deforms, usually with a lengthening in the direction of the polar axis. Intergranular stresses are minimized by the formation of domains, regions within each grain that have common orientation of the spontaneous dipole. The polariza- tion directions of domains are basically high temperature symmetry axes (such as <001>, < 1 1 0 > , or <111>). Angles between the dipoles of adjacent domains are those between such symmetry axes, e.g. 90°, 180°, 71°, etc., modified slightly by the ferroelectric deformation. Crystallographically, domain structure is a type of twinning. A ceramic of an ordinary piezoelectric or pyroelectric material is non-piezoelectric, even though the individual crystals may be strongly piezoelectric, because the effects from the individual crystals cancel each other. This is also initially true of a ceramic specimen of a ferroelectric material. To make the ceramic piezoelectric, an electric field must be applied to switch the polar axes of the crystallites in the ceramic ferroelectric to those directions allowed by symmetry which are nearest to that of the electric field. After this "poling" treatment (analogous to the magnetizing of magnets), the ceramic resembles a pyro- electric single crystal in that it has a net dipole moment, and will respond linearly to applied electric field or mechanical pressure like a single crystal as long as the field or pressure is well below that needed to switch the polar axis. Thus the poling treatment partially detwins the ceramic by eliminating much of the domain structure.
eBook - PDFPiezoelectric Materials and Devices
Applications in Engineering and Medical Sciences
- M. S. Vijaya(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
.Wright,.2004,.A.self-. powered.wireless.sensor. for.indoor.environmental.monitoring,.Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,. University.of.California,.Berkeley . 107 Engineering Applications of Piezoelectric Materials . 16 . . S . . Sherrit,. 2008,. The. Physical.Acoustics. of. Energy. Harvesting,. Jet. Propulsion. Laboratory,. California. Institute. of. Technology,. IEEE. International. Ultrasonics. Symposium.Proceedings . . 17 . . D . . Charnegie,. 2007,. Frequency. tuning. concepts. for. piezoelectric. cantilever. beams.and.plates.for.energy.harvesting,.M . .S . .thesis,.University.of.Pittsburgh . . 18 . . M . .Pozzi.and.M . .Zhu,.2011,.Plucked.piezoelectric.bimorphs.for.energy.harvest-ing.applications,. Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS V ,.ed . .Ulrich.Schmid,.José. Luis.Sánchez-. Rojas,.Monika.Leester-. Schaedel,.Proc . .of.SPIE,.Vol . .8066 . . 19 . . B . .S . .Lee,.S . .C . .Lin,.and.W . .J . .Wu,.2010,.Fabrication.and.evaluation.of.a.MEMS. piezoelectric. bimorph. generator. for. vibration. energy. harvesting,. Journal of Mechanics ,.Vol . .26,.No . .4 . . 20 . . H . . W . . Kim. et. al ., . 2004,. Energy. harvesting. using. a. piezoelectric. ‘‘cymbal’’. transducer.in.dynamic.environment,. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics ,.Vol . .43,. No. .9A,.6178–6183 . . 21 . . N . .S . .Shenck.and.J . .A . .Paradiso,.2005 . .Energy.scavenging.with.shoe-. mounted. piezoelectrics,. IEEE Micro ,. http://www .computer.org/micro/homepage/ may_june/shenck/shenck_print.htm. . 22 . . M . . Loreto. Mateu. Saez,. 2009,. Energy. harvesting. from. human. passive. power,. Doctoral.thesis,.Universitat.Polit_ecnica.de.Catalunya . . 23 . . A . .Dogan.and.R . .Newnham,.1998,.U .S. .Patent.5,729,077 . . 24 . . R . .J . .Meyer,.Jr . .et.al ., .2002,.Design.and.fabrication.improvements.to.the.cymbal. transducer.aided.by.finite.element.analysis,. Journal of Electroceramics ,.8,.163–174 . . 25 . . C .-L. . Sun. et. al ., . 2006,. High. sensitivity.
eBook - PDF- Qiang Xu, Tetsuhiko Kobayashi, Qiang Xu, Tetsuhiko Kobayashi(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
.These.materials. 151 Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting exhibit.a.change.in.spontaneous.polarization.as.a.function.of.temperature . .The.pyro-electric.coefficient. λ .can.be.given.as 42 . λ = dP dT s . (5 .2) where P s .is.the.spontaneous.polarization T .is.the.temperature The.pyroelectric.current.can.be.given.as 42 . I dQ dt S dT dt = = λ . (5 .3) where Q .is.the.induced.charge S .is.the.electrode.surface.of.the.sample Pyroelectric.materials.are.used.in.metal–insulator–metal.configuration.with.polar-ization.in.the.direction.perpendicular.to.the.electrodes . .Pyroelectric.materials.have. been.considered.interesting.due.to.their.high.thermodynamic.efficiency . 42 .The.main. technical.challenge.in.pyroelectric.materials.is.to.have.temperature.oscillations.for. harvesting.energy . .Some.researchers.have.used.cyclic.pumping.in.order.to.transform. the.temperature.gradient.into.a.time.variable.temperature . 42 .In.order.to.make.the. process.feasible,.the.consumption.of.power.in.cyclic.pumping.should.be.negligible. in.comparison.to.generated.power . 1 .For.higher.current,.pyroelectric.materials.need. to.have.a.larger.surface.area.and.enhanced.pyroelectric.coefficients.coupled.with.a. higher.rate.of.change.in.temperature . 5.6 VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING Mechanical.energy.harvesting.for.powering.the.distributed.sensor.nodes.and.struc-tural. health. monitoring. has. received. global. attention . . Vibrations. can. be. found. in. most. of. the. places. such. as. human. motions,. machines,. pumps,. vehicles,. railway. tracks.and.wagons,.floors.and.walls,.and.other.civil.structures . .Research.reported. in.the.past.two.decades.has.shown.significant.improvement.in.enhancing.the.power. density.and.bandwidth.of.vibration.energy.harvesters . 43 .In.parallel,.the.power.con-sumption.of.microelectronic.components.has.been.decreasing,.and.thus.there.is.con-siderable.opportunity.in.developing.“self-powered.devices”.by.meeting.all.the.power.
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