Safety of Machinery

7 Key excerpts on "Safety of Machinery"

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  eBook - PDF

  Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health

  • Danuta Koradecka(Author)
  • 2010(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  (Reprinted with permission from PN-EN ISO 12100-1. 2005. Safety of Machinery—Basic concepts, general principles for design. Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology.) Shaping the Safety and Ergonomics of Machinery 561 Assumed limits also have to be taken into account: • Spatial limits : The scope of the machinery’s movements, space require-ments for its installation, operation, and interactions in the man–machine– environment system, including the characteristics of foreseen operator population • Temporal limits : The expected life of the machinery and/or its elements that undergo wear and tear in their intended use The reasonably foreseable misuse of the machinery may result from events such as: The operator losing control over the machine—this applies specifically to • hand-held or mobile machines Reflex actions of the operator if disruptions occur in the machinery’s nor-• mal operation Behaviours arising from inattention or lack of concentration, from choos-• ing the easiest path when performing a task, or from pressure to keep the machine working regardless of circumstances Behaviours of immature persons • The design and manufacture of the machinery should attempt to prevent nonstandard use if such use would likely cause significant risk. At a minimum, the user’s manual should inform the user of prohibited uses. The following items must be considered in the design and manufacture of machinery: Limitations resulting from necessary or foreseen use of personal protective • equipment, such as boots or gloves Principles of ergonomics, in order to minimise discomfort as well as • physical and mental work load on the operator associated with the use of the machinery Effective elimination of hazards and reduction of occupational risk is ensured by the application—especially at the design phase—of the following actions, known as the triad of safety : 1.

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  Health and Safety at Work

  An Essential Guide for Managers

  • Jeremy Stranks(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Kogan Page

    (Publisher)

  Part 4

  Safety Technology

  Passage contains an image

  11

  Engineering Safety

  The relative safety aspects of machinery, plant and equipment have always been one of the more significant areas of health and safety enforcement and practice. The law relating to machinery and equipment is covered by the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998. Only two terms are defined in these regulations:

  Work equipment means any machinery, appliance, apparatus or tool, and any assembly of components which, in order to achieve a common end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as a whole.

  Use in relation to work equipment means any activity involving that equipment, including starting, stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing, modifying, maintaining, servicing and cleaning.

  Work equipment, thus, can include a dumper truck, a power press, a ladder, a hammer, an electric drill and a tractor. The definition is extremely broad. PUWER covers a number of general duties and states that every employer:

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  Safety with Machinery

  • John Ridley, Dick Pearce(Authors)
  • 2006(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Throughout the book, a variety of different methods of providing protection against machinery hazards are shown. However, these are not necessarily the only way in which the desired protection can be achieved. If a ‘non-standard’ method of providing protection is used the manufacturer and user may be called upon to justify their reason for using it.

  It is incumbent upon the designer and engineer to select one, or a combination of more than one, method of safeguarding to suit a particular machine, method of working and safety culture. Those concerned must ensure that the method or means selected provides the level of protection that the international community is coming to expect for the people employed to operate the machines and equipment.

  1.2 Design Considerations

  When designing machinery not only must the designer consider the efficiency of performance, achieving desired output and the economies of manufacture but he must also ensure that the finished machine will be safe in use and will not present risks of injury or damage at any stage of the machines life ‘from the cradle to the grave’.

  1.3 Life Cycle

  The three most common phrases in use that refer to the Safety of Machinery throughout its design and operating life to final disposal are design life cycle, safety life cycle and the cradle to the grave concept. While these all broadly cover the design, operating and disposal of machines, they each approach from different backgrounds. Design life cycle looks at the designer’s role, safety life cycle is more administrative and puts emphasis on recording actions taken for safety and why, whereas ‘the cradle to the grave’ concerns itself with safe functioning of machines from the operator’s and user’s points of view.

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  Automation and Robotics in Construction XI

  • Alan Chamberlain(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier Science

    (Publisher)

  Therefore, it is necessary for the machine design and its safeguards to prevent faults from causing hazards that lead to an unacceptable risk of injury. This requires a thought through safety strategy that starts with the concept of the machine, at the beginning of the product lifecycle. From January 1995 machines not undergoing the appropriate conformity assessment and not declared to comply with the essential health and safety requirements of the machinery directive may not be marketed in the European Community. 2 The directive requires a machine's manufacturer, or the manufacturer's representative in the European community to ensure and guarantee that certain technical documentation, including a technical construction file, is and will remain on his premises for any inspection purposes. It is intended that this documentation demonstrate how the essential safety requirements have been met. As machinery becomes more complex it will become more difficult to demonstrate that it is, indeed, safe. There are unlimited potential applications for automation in construction. The types of machine, their applications and their relationship with other machines will influence their design and selection of safeguards. European standards, written in support of the machinery directive, guide manufacturers to comply with the safety requirements laid out in the directive. A strategy for designing complex, programmable, systems with a suitable, high level, of safety was first put forward in 1988 by the Health and Safety executive in its guidance PES -Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications 3 . IEC SC65A (secretariat) 122 and 123 are addressing this area in their draft standard Functional safety: safety-related systems 4 . These documents use a risk based approach to determine a required level of safety and discuss how safety related systems may be used to contribute towards risk reduction.

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  Safety at Work

  • John R. Ridley(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Butterworth-Heinemann

    (Publisher)

  26.8 Summary checklist for machinery safety The provision of the high standard of safeguarding when linked with appropriate systems of work, permit-to-work systems, and safeguard mainte-nance programmes is the most effective method of preventing machinery accidents and the following seven questions present a useful checklist for considering whether the safeguards are appropriate. (1) Does the safeguard when in its correct position and when working properly totally prevent approach to dangerous parts? (2) Is the safeguard reasonably convenient to use (i.e. does it interfere with either the speed or quality of the work); are there foreseeable reasons why it is necessary to override the safeguard? (3) Can the guard be defeated or is it susceptible to misuse? (4) Will the safeguard cope with foreseeable machine failure? (5) Are the components of the safeguard reliable; and do they fail-safe? (6) Is the safeguard straightforward to inspect and maintain? (7) Are the instructions for safe use of the machine and safeguard adequate to cope with all foreseeable dangers in use? References 1. Department of Employment, Accidents in Factories, the Pattern of Causation and the Scope for Prevention, HMSO, London (1974) 2. Munkman, ) . , Employer's Liability at Common Law, 9th edn, 310, Butterworths, London (1979) 3. Ref.2, p.311 4. Fife, I. and Machin, E. A., Redgrave's Health and Safety in Factories, 2nd edn, 70, Butterworths, London (1982) 5. Uddin v. Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd, (1965) 2 All ER 213 6. Ref.2, p.297 7. EEC, Directive of 14 June 1989 on the approximation of the laws of Member States relating to machinery, No. 89/392/EEC, EEC, Luxembourg (1989) 8. Whitelegge, A., Memorandum addressed to the Makers of Machinery, HMSO, London (1900) 576 Part IV General science 9. Health and Safety Executive, Articles and Substances for Use at Work, Guidance Note No. GS 8, HMSO, London (1977) 10. Walker v. Bletchley Flettons Ltd (1937) 1 All ER 170 11.

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  Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services

  • Charles D. Reese(Author)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  18 Machine = Equipment Safeguarding 18.1 MACHINE = EQUIPMENT SAFEGUARDING Accidents resulting from moving machinery and persons working on or around machinery must be prevented. The installation and maintenance of machinery and machine guards are governing factors in controlling and preventing accidents and injuries. In devising protection against moving machinery and parts, the goal should be to make it as effective as possible. All possible contingencies should be considered, including acts of thoughtlessness and foolhardiness, in guarding machinery to prevent injuries. 18.2 PRINCIPLES FOR MACHINE GUARDING All companies should develop safeguarding requirements for fi xed powered machines and equipment and power transmission devices and equipment. This chapter is not applicable to hand tools. These requirements apply both to point-of-operation safeguarding of machines and to any other danger point where an employee may come into contact with the moving parts of the machine, or material handling equipment. A mixer that has no safeguarding. 273 The intent of this chapter is to provide fi ve principles for machine and equipment safeguarding: . Employers should conduct a risks assessment for all machines and equipment. . Employers are to comply with all applicable machine-guarding standards. . Safeguards shall be provided that prevent the entry of any part of an employee ’ s body into the point of operation of machines or equipment when the machines or equipment are operating. . Certain types of machines such as presses (mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic), press brakes, powered crimpers, riveting machines, shears, and staking machines shall be provided with at least two-point operation safeguards, installed in such a manner that the failure of either individual safeguard shall not prevent the proper operation of the other.

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  Safe Design and Construction of Machinery

  Regulation, Practice and Performance

  • Elizabeth Bluff(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Overall, only a small proportion of study firms (6 per cent (4/66)) implemented the most effective combination of risk control strategies, using safe place controls as the primary risk control measures and including some more advanced or innovative control measures among these. The majority of firms employed weaker risk control strategies. They used basic or standard safe place controls, which might reduce but did not eliminate or minimize exposure to hazards, or they also relied on safe person measures that were less effective because they required workers interacting with machinery to be alert to and actively avoid risks. To the extent that firms addressed risks arising in different aspects of use across the life cycle of machinery or arising through unintended use, they also tended to use a mix of basic or standard control measures and safe person measures, as discussed in the next section.

  Control of Risks in Different Aspects of Use of Machinery

  Once machinery is produced it is not only used or operated to perform a particular function, it is also worked on or interacted with in various other ways in the course of installation, maintenance, repairs, cleaning, clearing blockages, transportation and other ancillary activities throughout its life cycle. Risks may arise in any of these activities. The potential for exposure to risks in different aspects of use was recognized in Australian OHS law and the European regulatory regime for machinery safety, both of which required attention to these risks (see Chapter 2 ). The principle of controlling risks arising across the life cycle of machinery is also central to the specialist body of knowledge for safe design and construction (ASCC, 2006a; Janicik, 1999; NIOSH, 2006; NOHSC, 2002, p. 9).

  Almost two thirds of study firms implemented some measures to address risks to persons engaging with machinery in one or more different aspects of its use (62 per cent (41/66)). Most commonly, firms implemented measures for maintenance (58 per cent (38/66)) and cleaning of machinery (18 per cent (12/66)). Firms more rarely implemented measures to protect those installing (6 per cent (4/66)) or repairing machinery (5 per cent (3/66)), or clearing blockages (2 per cent (1/66)). The types of controls included safe place and safe person measures, similar to those that firms applied more generally for controlling risks in the everyday operation of their machinery.

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