Technology & Engineering
Human Machine System
A human-machine system refers to the interaction and integration of humans and machines to perform tasks or achieve goals. It encompasses the design, operation, and management of technology to optimize human performance and enhance overall system efficiency. This concept emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of humans and machines in various technological and engineering applications.
Written by Perlego with AI-assistance
Related key terms
1 of 5
9 Key excerpts on "Human Machine System"
eBook - PDFIntelligent Adaptive Systems
An Interaction-Centered Design Perspective
- Ming Hou, Simon Banbury, Catherine Burns(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
In this case, the machine was in control of its human partners. In both the Airbus A320 and Airbus A330 events, SA, human error, trust, and control authority were critical elements. If an HMS does not allow pilots to main-tain SA, reduce human error, and keep a balance of trust and authority between human and machine, the system is neither safe nor effective. Key design principles are needed to address these issues and guide the design of safe and effective HMSs. The general intention of automation is to increase productivity, safety, and effi-ciency by moderating human workload. As automated systems become more intel-ligent and sophisticated due to advances in automation technology, machines are able to perform an increasing number of tasks once handled by humans, resulting in continuously changing roles of human function in these environments. For exam-ple, automation appears in almost every aspect of daily life, from automated teller machines (ATMs) (a basic level) to unmanned drone aircraft and self-driving cars (a complex, safety-critical level). Human roles are increasingly supervisory in nature; humans make contextual decisions, which are then applied to automated systems (Parasuraman and Manzey, 2010). Unsurprisingly, this change in roles has the poten-tial to create issues for humans interacting with automation. Technological issues, human performance issues, and communication issues are the three primary types of design issues inherent in human–automation interaction. 1.4.1 T ECHNOLOGICAL I SSUES The key technological issue faced in human–automation interaction can be more accurately defined as increased system complexity (Wickens et al., 2013); as tech-nology advances, more functions are considered for automation. Generally, if auto-mation can surpass human performance, the function should be allocated to an automated system. This particular type of function allocation is called static auto-mation, and is further discussed in Chapter 2.
eBook - PDF- Adedeji B. Badiru, Marlin U. Thomas, Adedeji B. Badiru, Marlin U. Thomas(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
This is just one military system that makes use of the interaction between modern technology and the human being. Any time that these two interact, there will be a need for human factors engineering. It is of paramount importance that there is a harmony between the human and the technologies that they use. Human factors engineering, also known as Human Machine Systems engineering, is the most common instrument to develop this necessary harmony. There is much supporting the need for human factors considerations in even the simplest systems (Darnell 2006; Norman 2002). The objective of this chapter is to describe both human factors engi-neering and human computer interaction (HCI) and discuss their current applications in the military domain. Specifically, applications to various communication systems, assistive technologies and unin-habited aerial vehicles (UAVs) are discussed. Before human factors in military systems are discussed, a brief description of the military operating environment is given to provide a context for the chapter. Military systems are very complex in nature. Many aspects of the combat environment are also highly dynamic which adds to its overall complexity. The physical conditions of the environment can range from moderate to extreme in terms of weather, danger, activity, etc. In addition, the number of tasks and 25 Human Factors in Military Systems Misty Blue Wright State University Raymond R. Hill Air Force Institute of Technology 25 -2 Handbook of Military Industrial Engineering task difficulty varies from mission to mission. With so much variation in the working environment, the technologies that are employed during combat must be highly versatile and human factors principles and guidelines must be applied to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the system. This is best achieved when human factors engineering is considered at the beginning stages of product or system develop-ment.
eBook - PDF- Gavriel Salvendy, Waldemar Karwowski, Gavriel Salvendy, Waldemar Karwowski(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Systems of Systems Agile Development Design & System thinking Model-Based SE Systems Engineering Human Systems Integration Human-Factors & Ergonomics Task & Activity Analysis Human & Organizational Performance Evaluation & Metrics Computer Science Figure 15 Human systems integration as an intersection of human factors and ergonomics, systems engineering, and com-puter science. • Educate and train engineering as well as human and social sciences students in HSI (e.g., HCD and cognitive engineering, complexity analysis, organization design and management, modeling and simulation, life-critical systems, and advanced interaction media). NOTES 1 Next Generation Air Transportation System. 2 French acronym for Model of Crew and Aircraft Sub-Systems for Equipment Management. 3 Association for Computing Machinery, Computer Human Interac-tion conference. 4 In 1982, CHI was called the Human Factors in Computer Systems Conference. 5 See http://2020.hci.international 6 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. 7 Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics. 8 See http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/logic_versus_usage_the_case_for _activity-centered_design.html 9 International Council on Systems Engineering. 10 Men Are Better At -Machines Are Better At. 11 Even if I prefer to use the term “people,” the tradition in human-machine systems is to use “human operators,” especially in the pro-cess control and human engineering community, or “users,” in the HCI community. REFERENCES Agile Manifesto (2015). https://agilemanifesto.org/display/000000343 .html . (retrieved on January 26, 2020). Baxter, G. D., & Sommerville, I. (2011). Socio-technical systems: from design methods to systems engineering. Interacting with Comput-ers, 23 (1), 4–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.intcom.2010.07.003. Billings, C. E. (1996). Aviation automation: The search for a human-centered approach .
- Mortimer Taube(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Columbia University Press(Publisher)
82 Defense Systems machines, rather than a naive effort to automate human de-cision and creativity. In the design and development of large systems, whether weapon systems, communication systems, intelligence sys-tems, data processing systems, etc., the systems engineer must consider those spatial and temporal positions at which an interaction takes place between an operator and a device. The importance of this interaction is evident in the recent growth of human engineering as a special synthesis of psy-chology and engineering. The human operator reacts to in-formation presented to him by a device, and his reaction may include decision processes and the exercise of controls to guide subsequent phases of the machine's operation. The manner in which the operator reacts to the responses, and the probability of error in both comprehension and response, have become the concern of the psychologist in human engi-neering; whereas the engineer must consider the factors made known to him by the psychologist in designing his dis-play panels, handles, control knobs, etc. The existence of systems compatibility problems between men and machines has led to both practical and speculative effort designed to increase the automation of systems by decreasing human interposition. Full automation of a process or system seems a desirable goal; and it is generally felt that, in principle—if not in practice, as defined by the state of the art at a given moment of time—full automation is quicker, cheaper, more reliable, and more productive than a semiautomatic man-machine system. It is in this sense that the guided missile rather than the piloted aircraft is looked upon as the ultimate weapon. Similarly, this assumption has led to concepts of defense and attack systems in which com-puters and robots on one side war with computers and robots
eBook - PDFContemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2014
Proceedings of the international conference on Ergonomics & Human Factors 2014, Southampton, UK, 7-10 April 2014
- Sarah Sharples, Sarah Sharples, Steven Shorrock(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Taylor & Francis(Publisher)
Ministry of Defence. 2008. Defence Standard 00-250. Human Factors for Designers of Systems . Ministry of Defence. 2012. Human Factors Integration for Defence Systems . Joint Services Publication 912, pp. 78. Singleton, W. T. 1974. Man Machine Systems . (Penguin Education), pp. 174. Taylor, F. W. 1911. The Principles of Scientific Management (Harper and Brothers, New York and London). Waterson, P. and Lemalu-Kolose, S. 2010. “Exploring the social and organisational aspects of human factors integration: a framework case study.” Safety Science 48: 482–490. HFI TRAINING FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS Ella-Mae Hubbard, Luminita Ciocoiu & Michael Henshaw Engineering Systems of Systems Research Group, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Loughborough University This paper will consider what key HFI (Human Factors Integra-tion) skills are needed for Systems Engineers. The paper will use the INCOSE Competency Framework as a guide for the relevant KSAs (Knowledge, Skills & Attributes). The paper suggests some potential barriers to be aware of and outlines strategies for effective learning. Introduction Perhaps the most distinguishing feature of Systems Engineering is its interdisci-plinary nature. One of the disciplines that must not be forgotten is Human Factors, but how should this be included in the training of systems engineers and how do we overcome the barriers to implementation of such training? It has long been accepted, both in academia and industry, that there is a need for engineers to have an appreciation of human factors, perhaps over and above the need for human factors specialists (Shapiro, 1995). Understanding how best to improve relationships between ergonomics and a variety of disciplines has been an ongoing consideration, with people consider-ing education from school level, through undergraduate and industry training.
- Adedeji B. Badiru(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The effect of this trend is to reduce the saliency of Taylor’s examples that largely focused on manual tasks. 11.2 Understanding human systems integration 11.2.1 Introduction to human systems integration Thus far, we have discussed the fact that it has been known for over a century that the domains of personnel, training, and human factors affect productivity and required man-power. Yet the term human systems integration (HSI) is relatively new, so what is HSI? The concept of HSI emerged in the early 1980s, starting in the US Army with MANPRINT (2001), as a more modern construct for holistically considering the domains of manpower, personnel, training, and human factors, among others. The concept has gained emphasis, both within military acquisition (National Research Council, 2007) and the sys-tems engineering community (Madni, 2010). The HSI concept is based on the axiom that a human-centered focus throughout the design and operation of systems will ensure that • Effective human–technology interfaces are incorporated in systems • Required levels of sustained human performance are achieved • Demands on personnel resources, skills, and training are economical • Total system ownership costs are minimized • The risk of loss or injury to personnel, equipment, and/or the environment is minimized HSI deals with the complexity inherent in the problem space of human performance in systems by decomposing human-related considerations into focus areas or domains (i.e., HSI analysis), which essentially form a checklist of issues that need to be considered. These domains are often aligned with specific scientific disciplines or functional areas within organizations and may vary based on the perspective and needs of individual sys-tem developers and/or owners.
eBook - PDFHuman-Machine Communication
Rethinking Communication, Technology, and Ourselves
- Andrea L. Guzman(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
HMC can be thought of as an umbrella encompassing the many approaches to people’s communication with various technologies. Some people have remarked that “machine” and “human-machine” are antiquated: machine does not have the same modern connotation as technol- ogy. It conjures images of industrial technologies. However, from my per- spective, that is the benefit of using machine instead of technology, not a detriment. As I have argued (Guzman, 2016), communication scholars have historically focused on the study of ICTs while overlooking manufacturing technologies: But manufacturing technologies also are communicative, not to mention they too are now being designed to be increasingly social with some of the same anthropomorphic features as robots for the home (see “Adaptive Robotics”, 2016). The term machine reminds scholars that whatever tech- nology is part of the interaction they are studying, that device and people’s communication with it is but one part of a much bigger phenomenon. Fur- thermore, that phenomenon is not just a product of the present. At a cultural level, modern technology use and the ways that people think about technol- ogy is also influenced by the past, including the hulking, gritty machines of the industrial revolution and the sleeker, blinking machines of the automation revolution (Guzman, 2016). Human-machine not only stands for the parties involved in the communication (human and machine) but also the ontolog- ical relationship between humans and machines and the cultural dimensions that have so often been overlooked. The last element of HMC is arguably its most important: communica- tion. The use of communication instead of related synonyms, such as inter- action, serves as a disciplinary marker. It says this research isn’t just about communication: it is communication research. This is where communication as a discipline stakes its claim.
eBook - ePub- Patrick Millot(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ISTE(Publisher)
1.5. Conclusion
This chapter asks the question of the role of humans in the human–machine system, and, more generally, the principle of human-centered design to answer this. The success of this design makes it imperative that humans, with all their characteristics, must be taken into account at the very beginning, and throughout the design process.The human must be considered an element that not only interacts with the system by carrying out tasks (or more precisely activities), but which is also placed in an organization and deals with work situations. The organizational aspects are of high importance when we want to define the level of automation of the human–machine system, in particular the allocation of functions and tasks between human and machine. The principles of authority and responsibility must therefore be respected inexorably.In fact, human-centered design aims to reconcile two apparently antagonist behaviors: the imperfect human, who can correct and learn from his errors, and the attentive, and inventive human capable of detecting problems and bringing solutions even if they are difficult and new. The desire for control of the imperfect human tends to lead to procedures, the result of returns on experience, i.e. a form of automation of the human activity. However, this “proceduralization” of human activity does not favor vigilance and inventiveness and therefore goes against the human qualities that justify keeping the operators active in the loop.At the opposite end, favoring human SA maintains attention, vigilance and inventiveness. With this goal, human resources can be amplified by tools to support with decision and action. The integration of such tools leads again to the question of the level of automation, since these tools could become real decision partners and even real cooperators for humans, as we will see in the last chapters.1.6. Bibliography
eBook - PDFHuman Computer Interaction
New Developments
- Kikuo Asai(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
3.2 Human Computer Interaction Human computer interaction is a multi-disciplinary subject focused on the design of human friendly technology. Different definitions of HCI have been provided. In certain definitions, HCI is regarded as a subset of Human Factors concentrating on the design and evaluation of technologies, while in others it described in similar terms as Human Factors. This is also complicated by the fact that the term HCI is often used interchangeably with ‘Engineering Psychology’, ‘Cognitive Ergonomics’ and ‘Human Factors’. In this analysis, HCI can be considered as a sub-set of theory and methodologies within HF, concerned with the design and evaluation of technology for use in the context of both open and closed systems. In terms of the three strands of Human Factors defined above, it can be broadly classified as Cognitive Ergonomics. According to HCI theorists and practioners, to design human friendly technology which fits the work context, we must adopt a ‘user centered design’ methodology/process. The HCI literature defines a range of methods for this. Collectively, these methods emphasize: (1) the necessity of involving users in design process, (2) the degree to which design is an iterative process (e.g. designs are prototyped and evaluated and the modified and evaluated again), and (3) the extent to which evaluation provides an empirical basis in which to evaluate/justify designs. Human-Computer Interaction, New Developments 118 4. Software Development Process HCI methodologies are adopted in the context of developing software/technologies following project goals and timelines. This process is referred to as the software development process. This process follows a number of high level stages including, (1) specifying user requirements, (2) specifying functional requirements, (3) application development, (4) testing, (5) trials and (6) full implementation.
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
