Mining Language
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Mining Language

Racial Thinking, Indigenous Knowledge, and Colonial Metallurgy in the Early Modern Iberian World

Allison Margaret Bigelow

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eBook - ePub

Mining Language

Racial Thinking, Indigenous Knowledge, and Colonial Metallurgy in the Early Modern Iberian World

Allison Margaret Bigelow

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About This Book

Mineral wealth from the Americas underwrote and undergirded European colonization of the New World; American gold and silver enriched Spain, funded the slave trade, and spurred Spain's northern European competitors to become Atlantic powers. Building upon works that have narrated this global history of American mining in economic and labor terms, Mining Language is the first book-length study of the technical and scientific vocabularies that miners developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they engaged with metallic materials. This language-centric focus enables Allison Bigelow to document the crucial intellectual contributions Indigenous and African miners made to the very engine of European colonialism. By carefully parsing the writings of well-known figures such as Cristobal Colon and Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes and lesser-known writers such Alvaro Alonso Barba, a Spanish priest who spent most of his life in the Andes, Bigelow uncovers the ways in which Indigenous and African metallurgists aided or resisted imperial mining endeavors, shaped critical scientific practices, and offered imaginative visions of metalwork. Her creative linguistic and visual analyses of archival fragments, images, and texts in languages as diverse as Spanish and Quechua also allow her to reconstruct the processes that led to the silencing of these voices in European print culture.

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Year
2020
ISBN
9781469654393

APPENDIX 1

Chapters in [GarcĆ­a dā€™Orta], ColĆ³quios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinais da India (1563), Carolus Clusius, trans. and ed., Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia (1567), Juan Fragoso, Discurso de las cosas aromaticas, arboles y frutales y de otras muchas medicinas simples (1572), and Annibali Briganti, Due libri dellā€™historia de i semplici, aromati, et altre cose (1576)
Images
Images
Images

APPENDIX 2

Mining terminology in Barba (1640), Garcƭa de Llanos (1609), GonzƔlez Holguƭn (1608), Bertonio (1612), Montagu (1674), Lange (1676), Hautin de Villars (1730), and Lenglet du Fresnoy (1751)
Images
Images

APPENDIX 3

OFFICIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Currency
1 peso = 8 reales de plata or 20 reales de vellĆ³n (copper alloy)
1 real = 34 maravedĆ­s de plata
1 escudo = 350 maravedĆ­s de plata
1 ducado = 375 maravedĆ­s de plata
1 marco = 8 ounces (silver) or 50 castellanos (gold)
1 castellano = 96 granos or 8 tomĆ­nes of gold
Mineral weight (pesos)
1 onza = 8 ochavas
1 ochava = 6 tomines
1 tomĆ­n = 12 granos
1 arroba = 11.4 kilograms or 25 pounds
4 arrobas = 45.6 kilograms or 100 pounds
Sources: Joseph GarcĆ­a Cavallero, Theorica, y practica de la arte de ensayar oro, plata, y vellon rico: Danse reglas para ligar, religar, alear, y reducir qualesquiera cantidades de oro, y plata a la ley del Reyno ā€¦ (Madrid, 1713), 17ā€“21; Michael Thomas Dā€™Emic, Justice in the Marketplace in Early Modern Spain: Saravia, Villalon and the Religious Origins of Economic Analysis (Lanham, Md., 2014), 64ā€“65. It goes without saying that official rates were not always respected.

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Acanthite (Ag2S), 262
Acapulco, 250
Acosta, CristĆ³vĆ£o da, 156ā€“158
Acosta, JosĆ© de, 111, 121n, 247ā€“248, 252, 291, 307n
Africa, 18, 23, 50, 55, 97, 105, 122n, 127, 169ā€“173, 248, 288, 327ā€“328. See also individual regions, countries, and cities
African healers, 66, 93, 224
African miners and refiners, 230, 275ā€“276, 292, 322, 327n; women, 1, 43, 47ā€“49, 198, 207ā€“214, 221ā€“225, 236, 237, 244; enslaved, 18ā€“19, 27, 50, 56ā€“58, 67ā€“68, 83, 85, 96ā€“99, 198ā€“199, 200, 201ā€“225, 292, 309ā€“310, 310, 326
Agadez, 169
Agate, 282
Agricola, Georgius, 110, 141ā€“143, 147n, 155, 232, 282, 296ā€“298
Aguacalecuen / Aguascaleyquen. See Caliquem
Aguardiente (firewater), ...

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