Notes
The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes.
- AHS
- Andover Historical Society, Andover, Mass.
- BG
- Boston Globe
- BH
- Boston Herald
- DOJ-CRS
- United States Department of Justice-Community Relations Service
- ET
- Eagle-Tribune
- ICCHC
- Immigrant City Community Housing Corporation, Lawrence, Mass.
- LDIC
- Lawrence Development and Industrial Commission
- LHC
- Lawrence History Center, Lawrence, Mass.
- LPL
- Lawrence Public Library, Lawrence, Mass.
- MSA
- Massachusetts State Archives, Boston
- NARA-NE
- National Archives and Records Administration Northeast Division, Waltham, Mass.
- NYT
- New York Times
- SLM
- State Library of Massachusetts, Boston
- VTNA
- Vanderbilt Television News Archives, Nashville, Tenn.
Introduction
1. For accounts of Lawrenceâs earlier history, see Cole, Immigrant City; Cameron, Radicals of the Worst Sort; Watson, Bread and Roses; Vecoli, âAnthony Capraro and the Lawrence Strike of 1919â; and Robbins, âBread, Roses, and Other Possibilities.â For classic accounts of earlier immigration more generally, see Handlin, The Uprooted, and Bodnar, The Transplanted. For broad and critical overviews of immigration history, see Reimers, Other Immigrants; Spickard, Almost All Aliens; and Waters, Ueda, and Marrow, New Americans.
2. Gonzales, Reform without Justice; Loyd, Mitchelson, and Burridge, Beyond Walls and Cages; Nguyen, We Are All Suspects Now.
3. For an overview of the debate over whether âHispanic/Latinoâ should be considered a race, see Klor de Alva, Shorris, and West, âOur Next Race Question.â See also the profoundly influential work of Flores, Diaspora Strikes Back and From Bomba to Hip-Hop. For a classic study of how another group of immigrants (West Indians) negotiated their place in the U.S. racial hierarchy, see Waters, Black Identities.
4. For postwar urban and suburban histories, as well as accounts of racialized struggles over metropolitan space and resources, see Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Self, American Babylon; Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis; Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight and Folklore of the Freeway; Cohen, Consumersâ Republic; Seligman, Block by Block; Kruse, White Flight; Kruse and Sugrue, New Suburban History; Baxandall and Ewen, Picture Windows; Massey and Denton, American Apartheid; Freund, Colored Property; Lamb, Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960; Wiese, Places of Their Own; Gotham, Race, Real Estate, and Uneven Development; Gillette, Camden after the Fall; Williams, Politics of Public Housing; Biondi, To Stand and Fight; Thompson, Whose Detroit?; Singh, Black Is a Country; Theoharis and Woodard, Freedom North; Joseph, Waiting until the Midnight Hour; Young, Soul Power; Murch, Living for the City; Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage; Kelley, Yoâ Mamaâs Disfunktional!; Lassiter, Silent Majority; Schneider, Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings; and Satter, Family Properties.
5. For postwar Latino urban histories, see Acuña, Community under Siege; Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight; FernĂĄndez, âYoung Lords and the Postwar Cityâ; Hoffnung-Garskof, Tale of Two Cities; Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia; Whalen and VĂĄzquez-HernĂĄndez, Puerto Rican Diaspora; Thomas, Puerto Rican Citizen; FernĂĄndez, Brown in the Windy City; Lee, Building a Latino Civil Rights Movement; Snyder, Crossing Broadway; Muzio, âStruggle against âUrban Renewalâ in Manhattanâs Upper West Sideâ; Otero, La Calle; Perales, Smeltertown; and GarciÌa, Havana USA. For prewar and World War IIâera Latino urban histories, see SĂĄnchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community; Escobedo, From Coveralls to Zoot Suits; Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?; Innis-JimeÌnez, Steel Barrio; Alvarez, Power of the Zoot; PagĂĄn, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon; Romo, East Los Angeles; and SĂĄnchez, Becoming Mexican American. For significant scholarship on urban Latinos in the contemporary era, see PĂ©rez, Near Northwest Side Story; DĂĄvila, Barrio Dreams; Stepick, Grenier, Castro, and Dunn, This Land Is Our Land; Levitt, Transnational Villagers; Itzigsohn, Encountering American Faultlines; Davis, Magical Urbanism; DeGenova and Ramos-Zayas, Latino Crossings; Flores, From Bomba to Hip-Hop; Haslip-Viera and Baver, Latinos in New York; LaĂł-Montes and DĂĄvila, Mambo Montage; Smith, Mexican New York; Valle and Torres, Latino Metropolis; and Diaz and Torres, Latino Urbanism. For significant scholarship on other postwar and late twentieth-century urban immigrant communities, see Tang, Unsettled; Buff, Immigration and the Political Economy of Home; Abelmann and Lie, Blue Dreams; Bao and Daniels, Holding Up More Than Half the Sky; and Johnson, New Bostonians. Finally, for important studies of Latino communities outside traditionally urban spaces, see Fink, Maya of Morganton; Mahler, American Dreaming; Pitti, Devil in Silicon Valley; and Gordon, Village of Immigrants.
6. GuzmĂĄn, âHispanic Population.â For a clear articulation of the importance of Latino immigration to urban studies scholarship, see Sandoval-Strausz, âLatino Landscapesâ; Diaz and Torres, Latino Urbanism; and Davis, Magical Urbanism.
7. In 1960, 69 percent of mainland Puerto Ricans lived in New York City alone, and 79 percent of Mexican Americans lived in cities; see Whalen and VĂĄzquez-HernĂĄndez, Puerto Rican Diaspora, 3, and ...