America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe

Volker R. Berghahn

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780691102566, 9780691074795
• eBook ISBN: 9780691186184
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: 20th Century History
• Index: History

In 1958, Shepard Stone, then directing the Ford Foundation's International Affairs program, suggested that his staff "measure" America's cultural impact in Europe. He wanted to determine whether efforts to improve opinions of American culture were yielding good returns. Taking Stone's career as a point of departure and frequent return, Volker Berghahn examines the triangular relationship between the producers of ideas and ideologies, corporate America, and Washington policymakers at a peculiar juncture of U.S. history. He also looks across the Atlantic, at the Western European intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen with whom these Americans were in frequent contact. While shattered materially and psychologically by World War II, educated Europeans did not shed their opinions about the inferiority, vulgarity, and commercialism of American culture. American elites--particularly the East Coast establishment--deeply resented this condescension. They believed that the United States had two culture wars to win: one against the Soviet Bloc as part of the larger struggle against communism and the other against deeply rooted negative views of America as a civilization. To triumph, they spent large sums of money on overt and covert activities, from tours of American orchestras to the often secret funding of European publications and intellectual congresses by the CIA.


At the center of these activities were the Ford Foundation, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and Washington's agents of cultural diplomacy. This was a world of Ivy League academics and East Coast intellectuals, of American philanthropic organizations and their backers in big business, of U.S. government agencies and their counterparts across the Atlantic. This book uses Shepard Stone as a window to this world in which the European-American relationship was hammered out in cultural terms--an arena where many of the twentieth century's major intellectual trends and conflicts unfolded.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Abbreviations
• Introduction
• CHAPTER 1 From Nashua and Berlin to Pearl Harbor
• CHAPTER 2 Defeating and Rebuilding Germany
• CHAPTER 3 Public Opinion and High Politics in Semisovereign West Germany
• CHAPTER 4 Mass Society and the Threat of Totalitarianism
• CHAPTER 5 Western Intellectuals and the Cold Culture Wars of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)
• CHAPTER 6 Internationalizing the Ford Foundation
• CHAPTER 7 Philanthropy and Diplomacy
• CHAPTER 8 The CIA, the Ford Foundation, and the Demise of the CCF Empire
• CHAPTER 9 Coping with the New Culture Wars of the 1960s and Beyond
• CHAPTER 10 Transatlantic Cultural Relations in the "American Century"
• APPENDIX I: List of West German Newspapers Subsidized by HICOG
• APPENDIX II: American Foundations Ranked by Assets, 1960
• APPENDIX III: International Association for Cultural Freedom, Table of Organization
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index