Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1 Asset Management
References
Chapter 2 The History of RCM and Its Relevance in Today’s Industry
RCM Development
References
Chapter 3 The RCM-R® Process
The Sae JA1011 Rcm Standard
Operational Context and Functions
Functional Failures
Failure Modes
Failure Effects
Failure Consequences
Maintenance Strategies Selection
Reliability Centered Maintenance-Reengineered (RCM-R®)
RCM-R® Project
System Description
Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Analysis
Current Situation Explained
Failure Data Analysis at a Glance
Introduction to Weibull Distribution and Analysis
Optimum Replacement Time Analysis
Detailed Failure Data Analysis Using the Weibull Distribution
Conclusions
The RCM-R® Process Diagram
References
Chapter 4 RCM-R® Pre-work
Ensuring Asset Data Integrity
Rcm-R® Data
Asset Data Registers
Work Order Data
Asset Criticality Analysis
Chapter Summary
References
Chapter 5 Functions and Failures
The Operating Context
Performance Levels
Functional Analysis
Primary Functions
Secondary Functions
Protection
Efficiency and Economy
Appearance
Control, Containment, and Comfort
Health and Safety
Environmental Integrity
Structural Integrity and Superfluous Functions
Hidden Functions
Functional Block Diagrams
Failure Types and Classes
Types of Failures: Functional and Potential Failures
Classification of Functional Failures
Chapter Summary
Chapter 6 Failure Symptoms and Causes
Brainstorming
Failure modes
Failure mode types
Root causes of failure modes
How much detail?
Chapter summary
Chapter 7 Quantifying Failure Impacts
Guide Questions for Describing Failure Effects
How is The Failure Detected?
How is the Safety of the People around the Failed Asset Affected?
How are Environmental Goals Impacted?
How is Production or Operations Affected by the Failure?
What Kind of Physical Damage is Caused by the Failure? How Costly is the Failure in Terms of Maintenance and Repair?
Is There any Secondary Damage? What Must be Done to Restore Operations? How Long Would it Take?
Documenting Failure Effects Statements in the RCM-R® Worksheet
ISO Standard-Based Failure Effects Risk Analysis
RCM-R® Failure Effects Risk Assessment Matrix
Chapter Summary
References
Chapter 8 Overview of Maintenance Strategies
Overview of Strategies for Managing Failure Consequences
Technically Feasible and Worth Doing
Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance (PDM)
Detective Maintenance (Failure Finding) (DM)
Running To Failure (RTF)
Nonrecurring Actions (One-Time Changes)
Design Change Objectives
Timing
Describing One-Time Changes
Chapter Summary
Chapter 9 Condition-Based Maintenance Techniques
Vibration Analysis
Jesús R. Sifonte
Vibration Parameters and Units
Vibration Analyses
Machine Condition Diagnosis with Vibration Analyses
Vibration Analysis Diagnostic Example
Infrared Thermography
Wayne Ruddock
Introduction and History
Basic Infrared Theory
Applications of Infrared Thermography in Predictive Maintenance (PDM)
Electrical Inspections
Mechanical Inspections
Process Inspections
Facility Inspections
Precision Lubrication and Oil Analysis
Mark Barnes
Identifying Lubrication-Related Failure Modes
Lack of Lubrication
Too Much Lubricant (Overlubrication)
Wrong Lubricant Selected
Wrong Lubricant Added
Lubricant Contaminated with Moisture
Lubricant Contaminated with Particles
Lubricant Degraded
Lubricant Too Hot/Cold
Additives Depleted
Lubricant Contains Foam/Air Entrainment
Oil Analysis as a Predictive Tool of Other Problems
Sampling Frequency
Sampling Location
Oil Analysis Test Slate
Ultrasound
Allan Rienstra
Sound Principles
The Basics
Frequency (F)
Period (T)
Measuring Sound
Velocity of Sound and Acoustic Impedance
Sound Propagation through Air
How Ultrasound Detectors Work
How Ultrasound Is Collected
Airborne Sensors
Contact Sensors
Why Ultrasound Is an Effective Technology
Applications
Compressed Air Leak Management
Condition Monitoring
Slow-Speed Bearings
Acoustic Condition-Based Lubrication
Electrical Applications
Steam System Inspections
Pump Cavitation
Reciprocating Compressors and Valves
Heat Exchanger and Condenser Leaks
Ultrasound for Reliability
Nondestructive Testing
Jeff Smith
Conventional NDT Methods
Advanced NDT Methods
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Selecting Strategies for Managing Failure Consequences
Categories of Failure Consequences
Failure Consequence Management Policies’ Nomenclature and Typical Decision Diagrams
Hidden Failures Consequence Management Tasks
Safety and/or Environmental Consequence Management Tasks
Production Consequence Management Tasks
Maintenance Consequence Management Tasks
RCM-R® Failure Consequence Management Decision Diagram
Developing Meaningful Maintenance Tasks
Chapter Summary
Chapter 11 Fine-Tuning RCM Analysis
The Need for Better Data
Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Analysis
Failure Data Analysis
Weibull Analysis
Creating and Interpreting Weibull Data Plots
Periodic Tasks Frequency
Chapter Summary
References
Chapter 12 Implementing RCM-R
The Analysis Team
The Facilitator
Training and Competency
Preparation
Estimating the Effort
Conducting the Analysis
Implementing the Outcomes
Implementing C and T Tasks
Implementing D Tasks
F Outcomes
R Decisions
Monitoring and Continuous Improvement
Monitoring and Improvement Tools
Governance for Sustainability
Chapter 13 Leveraging RCM-R®
Concept
Integrated and Iterative?
Why Bother?
Industrial Life Cycle Support
Condition Monitoring Support
Time-Based Task Support
Detective Maintenance Support
Run to Failure (F Tasks)
Providing Support
Documentation and Records
Skills and Capabilities
Facilities
Spares
Neil Montgomery
Chapter Summary
Appendix A
Appendix B
Epilogue
Index
Foreword
This book by James Reyes-Picknell and Jesús R. Sifonte is a welcome addition to the literature on reliability centered maintenance (RCM). Over the last decade, the workplace has changed, and RCM has evolved to meet the needs of today’s companies. Although papers have appeared charting this evolution, the book represents an opportunity to reflect on and consolidate the findings. This is not a backward-looking volume, however. Far from it. Rather, its cutting-edge analysis points to the continued relevance of RCM well into the future.
Reyes-Picknell and Sifonte are extremely well positioned to tackle the project—with strong backgrounds in both theory and practice. They begin the book with an explanation of the value of RCM in the current context. Then, in Chapter 3, they hint at the future with an introduction of the changes involved in their formulation of RCM-R® (reliability centered maintenance-reengineered). Of course, RCM-R® is not simply a theory, and the following chapters go on to explain its practical application—supplemented by numerous very helpful examples, along with figures highlighting the main points.
To put it simply, RCM-R® takes RCM a step further by making it more evidence based where data are available. In general, RCM-R® requires operational, technical, reliability, maintenance-related, failure, material, financial, safety, and environmental data to be analyzed for decision-making purposes. The effort to take RCM a step further is, in fact, an overriding theme of the book. A particularly valuable example is Chapter 9 on condition-based maintenance techniques, where the authors, along with several colleagues, contribute detailed insights into the condition monitoring technologies of vibration analysis (Jesús Sifonte), infrared thermography (Wayne Ruddock), lubrication and oil analysis (Mark Barnes), ultrasound (Allan Rienstra), and nondestructive testing (Jeff Smith). In Chapter 12, they extend RCM into the provisioning of spare parts, including a section on slow-moving capital spares written by Neil Montgomery.
Andrew K. S. Jardine
University of Toronto
Introduction
WHY RCM-R®?
RCM was successfully developed during the 1970s while the aviation industry was facing important challenges. High maintenance costs, frequent undesirable component failures, and the safe increase in passenger capacity of aircraft designed to meet Federal Aviation Agency requirements were some of the struggles the aviation industry overcame with the development of its novel process to determine failure consequence management policies for aircraft nonstructural components. Later on, the so-called reliability centered maintenance process was introduced with success in the mining and nuclear industries. The development of an international asset management standard (ISO 55000) in 2014 ...