Purine

7 Key excerpts on "Purine"

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  eBook - PDF

  Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography

  • Ivor Smith, J. W. T. Seakins, Ivor Smith, J. W. T. Seakins(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Butterworth-Heinemann

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 8 PurineS, PYRIMIDINES & RELATED COMPOUNDS V. 0. Oberholzer T H E Purines and pyrimidines and their derivatives are of great impor-tance in biochemistry because of their role as constituents of coenzymes and of nucleic acids. In the form of the nucleic acids the Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides both play an equal and central role in the expres-sion and transmission of genetic information. The metabolism of Purines, which represents the major pathway of nitrogen excretion in uricotelic organisms has been extensively studied for many years, due largely to the fact that the end product, uric acid, occurs in high levels which are diagnostic in all forms of gout. (1) In contrast, the study of the pyrimi-dine pathway has only more recently become important following the discovery of metabolic errors involving pyrimidine synthesis and altera-tions in their excretion in certain diseases. (2 » 3 > 4) The unit structure of the complex molecules of nucleic acids are the mononucleotides which may be represented as Phosphate group - pentose - Purine or pyrimidine base The pentose part may be either D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose, normally attached to the base by a N-glycosidic bond, and the resulting polymer complexes are termed ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The commonly found bases in the nucleic acids are, in RNA, adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine and in DNA, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, and in addition 5-methyl cytosine is found particularly in plant DNA. (5) In the term nucleotide the nitrogenous base, though usually a hetero-cyclic ring as a Purine or a pyrimidine, may have a more simple struc-ture such as glycinamide or an amino group itself. The phosphate group is attached to the hydroxyl group on the 2', 3' or 5' carbon atom of the sugar.

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  eBook - ePub

  Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd Edition

  • John A. Joule(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Purines: reactions and synthesis

  23

  Purines are of great interest for several reasons, but in particular, together with certain pyrimidine bases, they are constituents of DNA and RNA and consequently of fundamental importance in life processes. Additionally, as nucleosides and nucleotides (see below) they act as hormones and neurotransmitters and are present in some co-enzymes. The interconversion of mono-, di-, and triphosphate esters of nucleosides is at the heart of energy-transfer in many metabolic systems and is also involved in intracellular signalling. This central biological importance, together with medicinal chemists’ search for anti-tumour and anti-viral (particularly anti-AIDS) agents, have resulted in a rapid expansion of Purine chemistry in recent years.

  There are significant lessons to be learnt from the chemistry of Purines, since their reactions exemplify the interplay of its constituent imidazole and pyrimidine rings just as the properties of indole show modified pyrrole and modified benzene chemistry. Thus Purines can undergo both electrophilic and nucleophilic attack at carbon in the five-membered ring, but only nucleophilic reactions at carbon in the six-membered ring.

  The numbering of the Purine ring system is anomolous and reads as if Purine were a pyrimidine derivative. There are in principle four possible tautomers of Purine containing an N-hydrogen; in the crystalline state Purine exists as the 7H-tautomer, however in solution both 7H- and 9H-tautomers are present in approximately equal proportions; the 1H- and 3H- tautomers are not significant.1

  Not surprisingly, because the naturally occurring Purines are amino and/or oxygenated substances, the majority of reported Purine chemistry pertains to such derivatives and, as a consequence, reactions of the simpler examples, such as in other chapters are given as typical, have received limited attention. Since the study of Purines stems from interest in the naturally occurring derivatives, a ‘trivial’ nomenclature has evolved which is in general usage. A nucleoside is a sugar (generally 9-(riboside) or 9-(2′-deoxyriboside)) derivative of a Purine base (or pyrimidine base); for example, adenosine is the 9-(riboside) of adenine, itself the generally used trivial name for 6-aminoPurine. A nucleotide

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  Heterocyclic Chemistry

  • John A. Joule, Keith Mills(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  27

  Purines: Reactions and Synthesis

  Purines are of great interest for several reasons, but in particular, together with certain pyrimidine bases, they are constituents of DNA and RNA, and consequently of fundamental importance in life processes (see 32.4). Additionally, as nucleosides and nucleotides they act as hormones and neurotransmitters and are present in some co-enzymes. The interconversion of mono-, di-and triphosphate esters of nucleosides is at the heart of energy transfer in many metabolic systems and is also involved in intracellular signalling. This central biological importance, together with medicinal chemists’ search for anti-tumour and anti-viral (particularly anti-AIDS) agents, have resulted in a rapid expansion of Purine chemistry (33.6.3).

  There are significant lessons to be learnt from the chemistry of Purines since their reactions exemplify the interplay of its constituent imidazole and pyrimidine rings, just as the properties of indole show modified pyrrole and modified benzene chemistry. Thus Purines can undergo both electrophilic and nucleo-philic attack at carbon in the five-membered ring and mainly nucleophilic reactions at carbon in the six-membered ring.

  The numbering of the Purine ring system is anomolous and reads as if Purine were a pyrimidine derivative. There are, in principle, four possible tautomers of Purine containing an N -hydrogen; in the crystalline state, Purine exists as the 7H -tautomer, however in solution both 7H- and 9H -tautomers are present in approximately equal proportions; the 1H- and 3H -tautomers are not significant.1

  The majority of reported Purine chemistry pertains to the naturally occurring Purines, which are amino and/or oxygenated substances and, as a consequence, reactions of the simpler Purines, such as in other chapters are given as typical, have received limited attention. A nomenclature related to the natural Purines has evolved and is in general usage. A ‘nucleoside’ is an N -sugar derivative of a Purine (generally 9-(riboside) or 9-(2′-deoxyriboside)), for example adenosine is the 9-(riboside) of adenine, itself the generally used trivial name for 6-aminoPurine. A nucleotide is a 5′-phosphate (or di-or tri-phosphate) of a nucleoside – adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is an example. Note that there are comparable pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides (32.4). (NOTE: In some diagrams, to save space, for β-D-2-deoxyribofuranosyl, β-D-ribofuranosyl and a generalized sugar, we use ®

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  Electrochemistry of Biological Molecules

  • Glenn Dryhurst(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  3 Purines I. INTRODUCTION, NOMENCLATURE, AND STRUCTURE Certain Purines occur in every living cell, usually as constituents of large molecules, although in certain instances free Purines are found in biological systems. Purine itself (Fig. 3-1) consists of fused pyrimidine and imidazole rings. It was first named by Emil Fischer, 1 and the most widely employed numbering system, as shown in Fig. 3-1, is that of Fischer. 2 Robins 3 has prepared a very detailed account of the nomenclature of Purines which should be consulted by the uninitiated. As pointed out by Robins, 3 a certain amount of confusion sometimes arises in Purine nomenclature because of the trivial names assigned to many Purine derivatives such as adenine (6-aminoPurine), guanine (2-amino-6-oxyPurine), and theophylline (1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxyPurine). Further confusion arises from the fact that many different tautomeric formulas of certain Purine derivatives can be written. Thus, occasionally, uric acid is written as 2,6,8-tri-hydroxyPurine (I) (Purine-2,6,8-triol; 2,6,8-Purinetriol) or as 2,6,8-trioxyPurine 3 I H F I G . 3 -1. Structure and numbering of Purine. 71 72 3 Purines OH ο I H H H ω m) (II) [Purine-2,6,8-trione; Purine-2,6,8(l//,3//,9//)-trione]. Such a multiplicity of ways of naming these compounds can lead to misunderstanding. There is reasonably good evidence now that most hydroxyPurines in fact exist in the keto f o r m , 4 -6 although it is still common practice to refer to such compounds as hydroxyPurines and to write the incorrect enol structures when describing reactions of these compounds. Table 3 -1 contains a list of common Purines along with their structures, trivial names, and a few of the chemical names of the compounds.

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  eBook - ePub

  Chemistry of Biomolecules, Second Edition

  • S. P. Bhutani(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  This synthesis leads to the preparation of Purines that are unsubstituted in position 8. 8-Hydroxy Purines may be prepared by using ethyl chloroformate instead of formic acid. Also, diamino pyrimidines may be fused with urea to produce 8-hydroxy Purines.

  4.7    ADENINE

  A. Structure and General Features

  Adenine is a Purine derivative. Its structure is given below with standard numbering of positions. It is 6-aminoPurine.

  We know adenine is a chemical component of both DNA and RNA. However, it plays a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and protein synthesis. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.

  In addition to nucleic acids, adenine occurs in the pancreas of cattle and in tea extracts. General reactions of adenine are similar to that of Purine. On treatment with nitrous acid, it can be converted into hypoxanthine (an oxyPurine). Its structure was established by synthesis.

  B.  Properties of Adenine

  Adenine forms several tautomers. However, in an inert gas matrix the 9H-adenine tautomer is found.

  In older literature, adenine was sometimes called vitamin B4 . It is no longer considered a true vitamin. However, two B vitamins niacin and riboflavin bind with adenine to form the essential cofactors NAD+ and FAD as given above.

  Adenine is one of the Purine bases (the other being guanine) used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds (Fig. 4.4 ) to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. In RNA, which is used for protein synthesis, adenine binds to uracil (Fig. 4.2, page 259 .)

  Fig. 4.4 Hydrogen bonding between thymine and adenine.

  Adenine forms adenosine (p. 249 ), a nucleoside when attached to ribose and 2-deoxy-adenosine (p. 288 ) when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate (p. 264

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  Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry

  • Gordon Gribble, J. Joule, Gordon W. Gribble(Authors)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2: Ring-Expanded (‘Fat‘) Purines and their Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues as Broad-Spectrum Therapeutics

  Ramachandra S. Hosmane (email: [email protected] )

  Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA

  2.1. Introduction

  Purine is a bicyclic, 5:6-fused, aromatic, heterocyclic compound with a 5-membered imidazole ring fused to a 6-membered pyrimidine ring <B-80MI1>. Although Purine itself has never been found in nature, substituted Purines like adenine and guanine or their respective nucleoside derivatives, adenosine and guanosine, are the most ubiquitous class of nitrogen heterocycles and play crucial roles in wide variety of functions of living beings < B-67MI93 ; B-67MI287 ; B-71MI57 ; 71NCI184 ; B-77MI130 ; 04CBD361 >. As nucleotides (AMP, GMP), they are the building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) < B-87MI269 pp.; B-87MI280 ; 90NN297 ; B-95MI89>. They serve as energy cofactors (ATP, GTP) < B-07MI365 >, as part of coenzymes (NAD/FAD) <B-95MI89> in oxidation-reduction reactions, as important second messengers in many intracellular signal transduction processes (cAMP/cGMP) < 06MMB369 ; 08JIP1028 >, or as direct neurotransmitters by binding to Purinergic receptors (adenosine receptors) < 09AP415 >. Therefore, it is not surprising that analogues of Purines have found utility both as chemotherapeutics (antiviral, antibiotic, and anticancer agents) <99MI62; 05MI9; 05DA983 ; 08CCT21 > and pharmacodynamic entities (regulation of myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac blood flow) < 01TCM259 ; 03CTM369 ; 07AJC1507 ; 08JPl4993>. While they can act as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes of Purine metabolism (ADA, Guanase, HGPRTase, PNPase, etc) to render their chemotherapeutic action < 79BP1057 ; 80IC257 ; 82IJB153 ; 93AR1809 ; 97AAC1686 ; 06OBC1131 ; 06SH22 >, their ability to act as agonists or antagonists of A1 /A2A receptors is the basis for modulation of pharmacodynamic property < 01TCM259 ; 03CTM369 ; 07AJC1507 ; 08JP4993 >. In addition, they can be excellent probes for elucidation of biochemical mechanisms (e.g. fluorescent e-adenosine) < 06YH1457 > and biophysical characteristics of nucleic acids (e.g. 8-bromoguanosine) < 03JA2390 ; 07CB23 >. This review concerns a family of ring-expanded Purines, informally referred to as ‘fat’ or f-Purines, as well as their nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (RENs/RENTs), which have broad applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine < 02CTMC1093

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  New Frontiers in Nanochemistry: Concepts, Theories, and Trends

  Volume 1: Structural Nanochemistry

  • Mihai V. Putz, Mihai V. Putz, Mihai Putz(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Apple Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 41

  Pyrimidines

  NICOLETA A. DUDAŞ and MIHAI V. PUTZ

  Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry for Nanosciences and QSAR, Biology-Chemistry Department, West University of Timişoara, Pestalozzi Str. No. 16, Timişoara 300115, Romania, E-mails: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]

  41.1 DEFINITION

  Pyrimidines (1,3-diazines or m-diazines) are one of three classes of six-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing two nitrogen atoms in their ring, the other two diazines being pyridazines (1,2-diazines) and pyrazines (1,4-diazines). The pyrimidine ring is the basic structural element of nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA, is one of the most widespread heterocyclic in various biologically important derivatives, as substituted derivatives and ring-fused compounds.

  Pyrimidine derivatives are utilized as drugs in the treatment of several types of diseases, agrochemicals, chromophores, complexes, metal sensors, solar cells technology, etc. Pyrimidines can be obtained by the synthetic chemical route, from biosynthesis (metabolism ↔ catabolism) and also in prebiotic condition.

  Because the pyrimidine ring contains two nitrogen atoms it has a weakly basic character, pyrimidine systems are highly electron deficient, and that is why electrophilic aromatic substitution gets more difficult, while nucleophilic aromatic substitution gets easier.

  41.2 HISTORICAL ORIGIN(S)

  The first pyrimidinic compounds that were discovered are alloxan – 1818, guanine – 1844, barbituric acid – 1864, cytosine – 1894, uracil – 1900, and in 1899 was first synthesized unsubstituted pyrimidine (Figure 41.1 ) (Brown et al., 1994; Harris & Thimann, 1949; Grimaux, 1879; Fischer, 1897; Kossel & Steudel, 1903; Gabriel & Colman, 1899; Baeyer, 1864). The first simple pyrimidine derivatives that have been extracted from natural sources are vicine and convicine in 1870 from Vicia sativa and Vicia faba L

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