Computer Science
Oops concepts
Oops concepts, short for Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts, are fundamental principles used in software development. They include concepts such as inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction, which enable the creation of modular, reusable, and maintainable code. OOP promotes the organization of code into objects, each with its own data and behavior, leading to more efficient and scalable software development.
Written by Perlego with AI-assistance
Related key terms
1 of 5
11 Key excerpts on "Oops concepts"
eBook - ePubIT Interview Guide for Freshers
Crack your IT interview with confidence
- Sameer S Paradkar(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- BPB Publications(Publisher)
C HAPTER 6 Object-oriented Programming (OOPs) O bject-oriented programming also known as OOP is a paradigm which is usually cantered around the concept of classes and objects and which includes data, known as attributes; and functions, known as methods. In the OOP paradigm, the object's methods can access and change the data fields. In the OOP paradigm, applications are designed by creating objects that interact with each other. There is usually a considerable variety of OOP languages, but many widespread ones are structured around the class, that is, objects are instances of classes, which also govern their type. This chapter covers the OOPs aspects and provides the question bank which includes topics for core concepts, encapsulation, composition and inheritance, and polymorphism. Concepts What is object-oriented programming (OOPs)? What are classes and objects? Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a model to create logical modules known as classes consisting of properties, fields, methods, and events. An object is usually created by the program from a class definition. This object encapsulates the features such as behavior and data. OOP facilitates developing modular applications and assembles them as software programs. Class: A class explains the attributes and functions that define the behavior. A class is a template for an object. A class is a complete data type, which represents a template for the objects. A class is the fundamental building block of the OOPs application. This is usually a template that defines the properties, behaviors, events for a particular group of objects. The class consists of behavior and data. For example, the aircraft class contains data such as category, model number, color, and behavior such as length of the flight time, speed, and total number of passengers
- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
C H A P T E R 7 Object-Oriented Programming Concepts In this chapter, you will learn about: The principles of object-oriented programming Classes and class diagrams Public and private access Ways to organize classes Instance methods Static methods Using objects Composition Using GUI components as predefined objects The advantages of object-oriented programming Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Principles of Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on an application ’ s data and the methods you need to manipulate that data. With OOP, you consider the objects that a program will manipulate — for example, a customer invoice, a loan application, or a menu from which a user selects an option. You define the characteristics of those objects and the methods that each object will use; you also define the information that must be passed to those methods. OOP uses all of the familiar concepts of modular procedural programming, such as declaring variables and passing values to methods. Methods in object-oriented programs continue to use sequence, selection, and looping structures and make use of arrays. However, OOP adds several new concepts to programming and involves a different way of thinking. A considerable amount of new vocabulary is involved as well. Five important features of object-oriented languages are: l Classes l Objects l Polymorphism l Inheritance l Encapsulation Classes and Objects In object-oriented terminology, a class describes objects with common attributes.
eBook - PDF- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
C H A P T E R 7 Object-Oriented Programming After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Explain some basic principles of object-oriented programming Define a class Instantiate an object Distinguish between public and private access Describe inheritance Describe polymorphism Describe encapsulation Describe the advantages of object-oriented programming Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. An Overview of Some Principles of Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on an application ’ s data and the methods you need to manipulate that data. Object-oriented programming uses all of the familiar concepts from modular procedural programming, such as variables, arrays, and modules, and each module continues to contain sequence, selection, and looping structures. However, object-oriented programming adds several new concepts to programming and involves a different way of thinking. In object-oriented terminology, an object is one concrete example of a class, and a class is a term that describes a group of objects with common properties. A class definition describes what attributes its objects will have and what those objects will be able to do. In other words, a class definition describes data and methods. When you define a class, you write definitions for its data members in the same way you have defined variables in other programs (using a data type and identifier).
eBook - ePubDesigning Microservices using Django
Structuring, Deploying and Managing the Microservices Architecture with Django
- Shayank Jain(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- BPB Publications(Publisher)
HAPTER 2Major Pillars of OOPS with Python
P ython is an object-oriented programming (OOP ) language. It also supports many features of OOPS. This chapter covers all OOP concepts, which are available in Python. We included this chapter in the book, because OOP is a very important part of every object-oriented language. In this chapter, we have tried to explain the OOP concept with the simplest terms and real-world examples.Structure
- Introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) language
- Basic idea of object
- What is class?
- Decorators in Python
- Introduction of class method and static method in Python
- Inheritance
- Single inheritance
- Multiple inheritance
- Multilevel inheritance
- Encapsulation
- Polymorphism
- Method overloading
- Method overriding
- Abstraction
Objective
At the end of this chapter, you should easily understand the object, classes, class variables, static method, class methods, major pillars of OOPs, and decorators.Introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) language
Earlier, while writing code programmers used to face the following difficulties:- Code duplication
- less security of the code
- code following the procedural programming
- Difficulty to manage long codes
- less readability of code due to lack of relevance to the real world
- Object
- Class
- Inheritance
- Encapsulation
- Polymorphism
- Abstraction
Basic idea of object
This is the very common definition of object, which is available on the internet: The object is a real-world entity, which has attributes and behavior. For example, a car is an object which has attributes such as color, brand, tiers, seats, speed, and more.What is class?
It is the collection of objects, functions, and statements. We can also say that it is a user-defined structure, which has collective data related to the class. For example, we have class Engineering_college
eBook - PDF- Arvind Kumar Bansal(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Chapman and Hall/CRC(Publisher)
403 C H A P T E R 11 Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm BACKGROUND CONCEPTS Abstract concepts in computation (Section 2.4); Abstractions and information exchange (Chapter 4); Abstract implementation and low level behavior (Chapter 5); Data structure concepts (Section 2.3); Dynamic memory management (Chapter 6); Distributed computing (Section 8.4); Polymorphism (Section 7.5) . Object-oriented programming was born out of need to develop large-scale software. Object-oriented programming has been applied to the development of large databases including multi-media databases and major commercial software. In order to develop large-scale software, one has to build upon software developed earlier to avoid duplication, make it robust, and main-tain it. Software reusability and maintainability is a major factor for the large-scale software development to (1) reduce the cost of development and evolution and (2) keep the number of bugs relatively low. Major interrelated components of object-oriented programming are modu-larity, reusability, and information-hiding of the implementation-level details of modules. Modularity means breaking up large software into smaller modules that can be placed as a class library and loaded in other modules when needed. This supports better reuse and maintainability. Only a limited public part of a module is visible outside. This public part is necessary for an object to communicate with other objects. Hidden parts of the module are needed for the implementation and can change with time to incorporate new technol-ogy or redesigned software to improve the execution efficiency. Reusability means that proven debugged and robust software is used again to avoid the time and cost overhead of development and maintenance. Information hiding means that the details of implement-ing various entities declared in one module is invisible to other modules unless exported intentionally by the programmer and intentionally imported in other modules.
No longer available |Learn moreExtreme C
Taking you to the limit in Concurrency, OOP, and the most advanced capabilities of C
- Kamran Amini(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
It is usually said that OOP is another programming paradigm together with procedural and functional paradigms. But OOP is more than that. OOP is more like a way of thinking about and analyzing a problem. It is an attitude towards the universe and the hierarchy of objects within it. It is part of our ancient, intrinsic, and inherited method for comprehending and analyzing the physical and abstract entities around us. It is so fundamental to our understanding of nature.We've always thought about every problem from an object-oriented point of view. OOP is just about applying the same point of view that humans have always adopted, but this time using a programming language to solve a computational problem. All this explains why OOP is the most common programming paradigm used for writing software.This chapter, together with the following three chapters, are going to show that any concept within OOP can be implemented in C – even though it might be complex to do. We know we can have OOP with C because some people have already done it, especially when they created C++ on top of C, and since they have built many complex and successful programs in C in an object-oriented fashion.What these chapters are not going to suggest is a certain library or set of macros that you should use for declaring a class or establishing an inheritance relation or working with other OOP concepts. In addition, we won't impose any methodology or discipline such as specific naming conventions. We will simply use raw C to implement OOP concepts.The reason why we're dedicating four whole chapters to OOP with C is because of the heavy theory behind object orientation and the various examples that are necessary to be explored in order to demonstrate all of it. Most of the essential theory behind OOP is going to be explained in this chapter, while the more practical topics will be dealt with in the following chapters. With all that said, we need to discuss the theory because the OOP concepts are usually new to most skilled C programmers, even those with many years of experience.The upcoming four chapters together cover almost anything that you might come across in OOP. In this chapter, we are going to discuss the following:- First of all, we'll give definitions for the most fundamental terms used in OOP literature. We'll define classes, objects, attributes, behaviors, methods, domains, and more. These terms will be used heavily throughout these four chapters. They are also vital to your understanding of other OOP-related resources because they are a staple part of the accepted language of OOP.
eBook - PDFObject-Oriented Programming with SIMOTION
Fundamentals, Program Examples and Software Concepts According to IEC 61131-3
- Michael Braun, Wolfgang Horn(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Publicis(Publisher)
33 2 Basic Principles of Object-Oriented Programming 2 Basic Principles of Object-Oriented Programming2 In this chapter we will briefly explain the basic principles of object-oriented pro- gramming (OOP) so as to provide readers with a sound foundation in the subject before they progress to further chapters. We have restricted our observations to the essentials and made a conscious effort to keep explanations as brief as possible. A broad range of books and information about object-oriented programming and the philosophies that underlie OOP are available on the Internet. This book does not claim to give a comprehensive explanation of object-oriented pro- gramming nor a complete analysis of IEC 61131-3 ED3. Its primary goal instead is to give the reader a useful introduction to the subject of object-oriented programming based on the implementation of OOP in SIMOTION. The principles described are further illustrated by programming examples that have been tested on a SIMOTION system. 2.1 The basis of object-oriented programming2.1 2.1.1 History The principles of object-oriented programming 1 were formulated during the 1960s and 1970s. This new approach to programming emerged as a result of failed software developments during the mid-1960s. This was the first time that software costs had exceeded hardware costs, a situation that triggered the so-called “software crisis”. But OOP did not gain in popularity until the mid-1980s and has become a widely accepted computer programming concept during the intervening years. Most modern programs for personal computers are written in the language C++. These programs would be inconceivable today without object-oriented program- ming. When it was time to switch from C to C++, programmers were faced with the same paradigm shift as they are today in automation engineering. With the Internet age came new programming languages.
- Raimund K. Ege(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
In one, it is the programmer's responsibility to dispose of memory that is occupied by obsolete objects, whereas in the other, it is the programming environment — a watch dog — that takes care of disposing of obsolete objects. The second variety uses a garbage collector as its watch dog, which routinely checks all objects to determine whether any are obsolete, can be disposed of, and its memory freed. It is also important that the class becomes the structuring entity for all 6.1 ELEMENTS OF OBJECT ORIENTATION 133 programs. The class description acts as the module that allows the separation of programs into smaller portions. In our look at object-oriented programming languages we will focus on how they use classes and their facilities to structure a program and handle memory management. 6· 1.3 Inheritance The most important feature supported by object-oriented programming lan-guages is inheritance: the ability to derive new classes from existing ones. Inheritance allows a programmer to draw from and extend large amounts of existing program code. Inheritance is the object-oriented concept that con-tributes most to the productivity increase attained with object-oriented pro-gramming languages. Classes and their subclasses form class hierarchies, which capture the is-cf relationships among them. An instance of derived class is also an instance of all its superclasses. While object-oriented languages all implement inheritance, they vary in how they treat multiple and repeated inheritance, and how they handle the access and redefinition of features in a subclass that are defined by a superclass. 6· 1.4 Polymorphism Polymorphism is another key concept. Conceptually, it is based on the as-sumption that the type (or class) of a variable need not match the type (or class) of the object that the variable refers to.
eBook - PDFSystems Analysis & Design Fundamentals
A Business Process Redesign Approach
- Ned Kock(Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
215 Object-Oriented Design Concepts and Issues T he software development approach generally known as object-oriented programming has found widespread acceptance among professional programmers, especially those who develop large and complex computer programs on a regular basis. This adoption success led to the development of object-oriented systems analysis and design ideas and methods, whose general goal has been to facilitate the move from business process modeling to automation employing object-oriented programming languages and techniques. This chapter introduces the notion of a software object as an abstraction that allows computer programmers to “encapsulate,” and thus protect from improper access, both data and data manipulation code. A brief discussion of object-oriented programming is then provided, followed by a discussion of object-oriented analy-sis and design. Two forms of object-oriented design are subsequently discussed. The first involves the creation of software object classes, whereas the second involves the use of previously created software object classes. It is argued that the latter form is the most widely used form in in-house systems development projects aimed at automating newly designed business processes, particularly those employ-ing a Web-based development paradigm. What Is a Software Object? A software object is an abstract entity used in computer programming to represent a set of related pieces of data and a set of programming functions that operate on those data pieces. One distinctive characteristic of object-oriented programming, which distinguishes it from the more traditional structured programming, is that the data and the programming functions that operate on those data are encapsu-lated into the same software object. CHAPTER 12
eBook - PDF- Alvin Albuero De Luna(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
Support for Object-Oriented Programming 207 this chapter. Examples of such languages include (Stroustrup, 1987; Sanders and Dorn, 2003). 8.2. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 8.2.1. Introduction The idea of object-oriented computing was first introduced in SIMULA 67, but it wasn’t completely explored until the growth of Smalltalk led to the creation of Smalltalk 80 (in 1980, of course). Many people believe that Smalltalk should serve as the foundation for an entirely object-oriented computer language. Support for these three important language elements is required for just a language to be considered object-oriented. These features include inheritance, abstraction types of data, and dynamic typing of system calls to procedures (Wilde and Huitt, 1992; Kölling, 1999). 8.2.2. Inheritance Software engineers have always faced pressure to work more efficiently. The ongoing decrease in the cost of computer equipment has increased this strain. Many software engineers realized either by mid to end of the 1980s that one of the most range of applications for boosting professional productivity included software reuse. With their containment and access constraints, data structures are a logical option for reuse. The issue with reusing abstractions is that almost often, their capabilities and properties are not exactly appropriate for the new usage. The old type needs at least a few little adjustments. Such updates might be challenging since they need a thorough understanding of the current code on the side of the individual modifying. The individual making the change is often not the network’s original creator. Additionally, the updates often need modifying all client applications. The fact that perhaps the category definitions for abstractions are all independently and of the same level presents a second issue. Because of this architecture, it is often hard to structure a program to correspond to the problem domain being treated more by the program.
eBook - PDF- Michael T. Goodrich, Roberto Tamassia, David M. Mount(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Abstraction Encapsulation Modularity Figure 2.2: Principles of object-oriented design. 68 Chapter 2. Object-Oriented Design Abstraction The notion of abstraction is to distill a complicated system down to its most fun- damental parts and describe these parts in a simple, precise language. Typically, describing the parts of a system involves naming them and explaining their func- tionality. Applying the abstraction paradigm to the design of data structures gives rise to abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT is a mathematical model of a data structure that specifies the type of the data stored, the operations supported on them, and the types of the parameters of the operations. An ADT specifies what each op- eration does, but not how it does it. In C++, the functionality of a data structure is expressed through the public interface of the associated class or classes that de- fine the data structure. By public interface, we mean the signatures (names, return types, and argument types) of a class’s public member functions. This is the only part of the class that can be accessed by a user of the class. An ADT is realized by a concrete data structure, which is modeled in C++ by a class. A class defines the data being stored and the operations supported by the objects that are instances of the class. Also, unlike interfaces, classes specify how the operations are performed in the body of each function. A C++ class is said to implement an interface if its functions include all the functions declared in the interface, thus providing a body for them. However, a class can have more functions than those of the interface. Encapsulation Another important principle of object-oriented design is the concept of encapsula- tion, which states that different components of a software system should not reveal the internal details of their respective implementations. One of the main advantages of encapsulation is that it gives the programmer freedom in implementing the de- tails of a system.
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
