Geography
Effects of Globalisation
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, resulting in the flow of goods, services, information, and people across borders. This has brought about both positive and negative effects, including economic growth, cultural exchange, and environmental challenges. The impacts of globalization vary across different regions and communities.
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12 Key excerpts on "Effects of Globalisation"
eBook - PDFHistory, Geography and Civics
Teaching and Learning in the Primary Years
- John Buchanan(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
See the website for a list of some of the domains that influence and are influenced by globalisation. You might want to add to the list – or subtract from it. How would you define globalisation? Ponder this, then review your definitions if you wish as you read on. Online resource: Globalisation causes and effects Part 1 Content areas 94 Understanding globalisation Three worlds or third rock? None of the three super-states could be definitively conquered even by the other two in combination. (Orwell, Nineteen eighty-four, 1949, p. 191) We can no longer identify three worlds or two superpowers but rather a singular system. (Waters, 1995, p. 116, cited in Buchanan & Halsem, 1997, p. 9) The two quotes above illustrate some of the real and imagined changes that took place during the second half of the twentieth century. Globalisation forms part of what Rizvi (2006, p. 193) calls the ‘social imaginary’. Indeed, what we describe as globalisation is part of our imaginings as well as a reality, in that it is both honest and misleading to say that the world has become smaller. The ‘shrinking world’ has a claim to metaphorical reality, in that it takes progressively less time to move peo- ple, goods, ideas, information and opinions around the world. This is a world that is becoming increasingly crowded and environmentally stressed, yet ever more inter- culturally rich, for those who choose to avail themselves of this. Waters (1995, p. 3) captured this real-and-imagined duality well, defining globalisation as: a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding. Waters adds that globalisation is ‘an obvious object for ideological suspicion’. Globalisation is a process, as much as it is a phenomenon. This verb–noun dual identity makes it all the harder to pin down and define – and, arguably, all the more interesting.
eBook - PDF- Ashley Kent(Author)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
Globalisation refers to processes which increase the scale of social life, and therefore increasingly involve processes which operate across borders at multiple scales. In recent years many commentators – academics, journalists, politicians, activists – have begun to talk about a variety of globalisations (Anderson, Brook and Cochrane, 1995). Prominent examples include: the spread of financial activity across state borders, as seen in the exit of the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1992 and the ongoing East Asian financial crisis; the near-worldwide take-up of a Reaganite/Thatcherite political ideology in the 1980s; the diffusion of American culture worldwide through products such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, MTV and CNN; the increasingly important role of transnational corporations in the world economy; the development of the Internet, a social space which is relatively placeless; and the globalisation of environmental issues as illustrated through global problems such as the hole in the ozone layer, biodiversity loss and global warming. So, there are multiple globalisations, some of which seem economic, some political, some cultural and some environmental. However, these multiple globalisations do have a common denominator, a common denominator which is intrinsically geographical. What all these processes of globalisation have in common is that they involve an upward shift in the scale of social life, changes in the meaning and porosity of national boundaries and increases in the volume, velocity and importance of cross- border flows, no matter whether these are flows of money, goods, ideas, images or pollutants. In this way, processes of globalisation lend themselves to geographical analyses. In fact, I would go so far as to say that we cannot understand processes of globalisation unless we understand their geographies.
eBook - PDF- Joseph P. Stoltman(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
42 GLOBALIZATION AND GEOGRAPHY ALEX STANDISH Western Connecticut State University G lobalization is a term that gets used to describe many different phenomena. This lack of speci- ficity does not help the process of clarifying how the world has changed over recent years. In this chapter, I will focus on social forces that are driving this change and on the resultant outcomes. I will avoid the tendency to fetishize and treat globalization as some mystical force driving the world in a new direction. Within economics, politics, and culture, there have been many changes since the end of the cold war, and many of them have been global in scale. The changes have been brought about by millions of conscious decisions by people that author Harm de Blij (2009) calls globals. He claims that "globals, whether in government, indus- try, business, or other decision-making capacities, flat- ten playing fields for each other as they traverse the world from Davos to Doha" (p. 7). The globals are accompanied by a second group, the locals. Locals tend to be poorer, the least mobile, and the most susceptible to the impressions of place (p. 7). They are also in the majority of the global population. In this chapter, I discuss globalization and introduce some of the spatial processes that are reshaping the new geography of our world. As geographers, we need to understand the various processes at work (economic, political, and cultural) to comprehend the spatial patterns arising from them. Hence, we will begin with an introduc- tion to the ways in which globalization is approached before discussing globalized economics, globalized poli- tics, and globalized culture. What Is Globalization and Is It New? The term globalization entered the popular vernacular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, from where its usage has ballooned. Especially in the social sciences, this term has become a highly examined phenomenon.
eBook - PDFDiverCity – Global Cities as a Literary Phenomenon
Toronto, New York, and Los Angeles in a Globalizing Age
- Melanie U. Pooch(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- transcript Verlag(Publisher)
18 | D IVER C ITY – G LOBAL C ITIES AS A L ITERARY P HENOMENON fects some areas of the world more than others. Nederveen Pieterse calls this ef-fect a ‘selective globalization’ (2004: 13). According to this approach, globaliza-tion started in Europe and other Western countries, whereas remote cultures have not been as affected or not as immediately affected. Moreover, not everyone in the world’s population has equal access to markets and technologies (Augé 2008: xi [1995]). The question of global geography is interrelated with the mapping of a global population. For the first time in history, almost every world citizen is involved. This is the revelation of the globe-encompassing phenomenon. However, each individual is affected on a different scale. These uneven proportions are mainly dependent on the individual’s location. Whereas Western or the most developed countries are more globalized, the so-called ‘Third World’ or less-developed countries are not as much in touch with globalization. The stage of globalization is dependent on active and passive elements of a country, region, or ethnic group. Active elements can be influenced by the individual, for instance the op-portunity to travel or the opportunity to use the Internet. In Germany, for exam-ple, almost everyone can afford Internet access; however, not many can afford a transatlantic flight. Passive elements restrict those active possibilities for indi-viduals and are mostly determined by political, economic, and geographical re-strictions slowing down the globalization process. China’s restrictions on the In-ternet are a good example with entire domains being banned, isolating their in-habitants from world news, as in the struggle for Tibet’s independence. Thus, the individual globalization is limited by the political or passive elements of the country. Pinning down the effects of globalization remains a double-edged sword.
eBook - PDFHuman Geography
People, Place, and Culture
- Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Nash, Alexander B. Murphy, Harm J. de Blij(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
In this world system, countries are viewed as constituting part of the core, periphery, or semi-periphery. • Globalization processes have changed the nature and organization of cities, creating what we now call world cities, such as London, New York, and Tokyo. These cities are often centres of finance, information, and administra- tion and are interconnected at the global scale. • There is considerable debate about the form, definition, characteristics, and outcomes of globalization as well as contestations over how its positive and negative outcomes should be addressed. MAIN POINTS 2.1 What Is Globalization, and What Are the Major Debates about Globalization? 2.2 What Are the Connections between Globalization and the Geographical? The world seems smaller as a result of the explosion in informa- tion and communication technologies since World War II. We can send information great distances in the blink of an eye, travel anywhere on the globe relatively quickly, and pluck vast amounts of information out of cyberspace with the click of a mouse. We make intellectual and emotional connections with people and places whether we have actually met them or been there, creating a complex network of relationships, linkages, and interdependencies. These rapid and unprecedented transforma- tions have provoked some scholars, including Richard O’Brien, to herald “the end of geography,” declaring that in economic matters, at least, “geographic location no longer matters” (1992, p. 1). Needless to say, geographers and other social scientists have resisted this somewhat cavalier dismissal of the importance of the geographical. In this section, we consider how geogra- phers, using their spatial perspective, have attempted to concep- tualize the geographical operations of globalizing processes and outcomes.
eBook - PDFGlobalization
Theory and Practice Second Edition
- Eleonore Kofman, Gillian Youngs, Eleonore Kofman, Gillian Youngs(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- Continuum(Publisher)
So much of the rhetoric of the redundancy of geography has been based on the changing role of the state, a limited understanding of its multiple orientations that extend beyond the narrowly economic, and technological determinism. What I want to do in this chapter is to suggest some of the ways in which political geography has made a contribution to a more complex understanding of globalization at the beginning of the twenty-first century as contradictory processes and overlapping and interdependent scales, often generating an unruly world (Herod et aL, 1998). This review is not intended as a comprehensive survey of geographical insights (see Kelly, 1999, for a fuller discussion of theses and counter-discourses), but will focus on some of the recent discussions raised in political economy and critical geopolitics. I will first outline some of the strong claims made for the end of geography as an inevitable process and outcome of contemporary globalization. I will then outline some of the discussions on the meaning of contemporary boundaries and territorialities, and the literature on relativization and jumping of scales that expands the debate beyond the dichotomy of local-global and shows how different scales are overlapping and interdependent. The theorizing of spatial concepts seeks to counteract a homogenizing and homogeneous global level, which has been put on a pedestal and constructed as the undisputed primary unit of analysis, often in a similar 20 ELEONORE KOFMAN way to that previously accorded to the nation-state. Whether the concept in question is border, boundary, place, space or territory, all have to be understood contextually and as historically evolving.
- Margaret Ann MacLean(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Society Publishing(Publisher)
It stimulated globalization. Global exports achieved Opportunities for Local Tourism: Buy and Sell Local 112 a significant landmark in the 2000s with their value rising to a quarter of global GDP. The aggregate of import and export trade eventually soared to about half of world GDP. Countries like Singapore, Belgium, and others’ trade generate much more profits than 100% GDP. It helped a large number of global populations. The number of people belonging to the global middle-class status increased hugely. Hundreds of million people contributing to the global economy acquired the status. Globalization That is the present situation. A new stir of globalization has once again touched us. The US and China cyber world seems to be the new edge of globalization. At the time of the third wave of globalization, the digital economy was in its budding age. However, now it is an essential tool that would support e-commerce, digital services, and 3D printing. Additionally, it can be implemented by artificial intelligence, but threats pertaining to cross-border hacking and cyber-attacks also persists. Along with it, an adverse effect of globalization is burgeoning in the form of climate change, and it is impacting the global climate to a great extent. Extreme weather conditions occuring in some parts of the world is the result of pollution spread by some other part. Moreover, with the cutting of trees in some of the green belts of the world, like the Amazon rainforest, has contributed to the havoc. As a result, the world’s biodiversity is negatively affected as well as its capability to deal with the poisonous greenhouse gas emissions. However, with the new globalization stir reaching our threshold, many people throughout the world are walking away from it. In various Western countries, several middle-class working people are tired of the economic inequality and social instability arising due to their prevalent political and economic system.
eBook - PDFVisualizing Human Geography
At Home in a Diverse World
- Alyson L. Greiner(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Even though the con- cept of globalization has long existed, use of the word glo- balization did not become commonplace until the 1980s. Contemporary globalization differs significantly from historical examples of globalization because of the greater degree of financial, political, and cultural inter- dependence that now exists. The spice trade extended horizontal or international connections between places. Since the 1960s, however, globalization has involved both an ongoing horizontal expansion via rapid flows of goods, people, and ideas between places, and simultaneously a kind of vertical expansion as well, especially through the development of policies such as trade agreements that formalize linkages and strengthen them like a deep root system. Thus, we can think of globalization as a process that both widens and deepens connectedness. As we saw in Chapter 1, globalization is both a cause and an effect of spatial interaction (Figure 2.1). International tourism and globalization • Figure 2.1 Tourists now travel to the ends of the Earth, including Antarctica, shown here. Growth in international tourism highlights the importance of mobility to globalization. Worldwide, international tourist arrivals have more than doubled since 1995, reaching 1.2 billion in 2015.
eBook - PDFRemaking the Global Economy
Economic-Geographical Perspectives
- Jamie Peck, Henry Wai-Chung Yeung, Jamie Peck, Henry Wai-Chung Yeung(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
Second, the explicitly geographical perspective in Global Shift enabled international business researchers to figure out the spatial implications of different corporate strategies and organizational structures pursued by TNCs. This said, the geography of international business activities has remained a rather serious research lacuna until recent years. As Dunning (1998: 46) has pointed out, ‘[t]he emphasis on the firm-specific determinants of international economic activity, while still driving much academic research by scholars in business schools, is now being 14 Introduction complemented by a renewed interest in the spatial aspects of FDI’. The analysis of geography in international business studies, nevertheless, remains somewhat inadequate and under-developed, as it typically focuses on location and nationality of TNC activities (e.g. Kogut and Singh, 1988; Shaver, 1998; Nachum, 2000). An adequate analysis of TNCs and Figure 1.1 Dicken on the geographical organization of TNC production units Source: Redrawn from Dicken (1986a: Figure 6.7; 203) Making Global Connections 15 Figure 1.2 Dicken on the spatial evolution of TNC activities Source: Redrawn from Dicken (1986a: Figure 6.9) FDI must incorporate both the locational shifts within TNC production networks (Dicken, 1986a: 212) and the geographically nested relationships from local to global scales through which these networks are constructed (Dicken, 1986a: 184). In an idealized model, for example, Dicken (1986a) (reproduced here as Figure 16 Introduction 1.2), presented the spatial evolution of a TNC in relation to processes of reorganization, rationalization and spatial change. Third, few books in international business studies offer detailed empirical analysis of TNC activities in such a comprehensive manner as Global Shift .
eBook - PDF- Andrew Leyshon, Roger Lee, Linda McDowell, Peter Sunley, Andrew Leyshon, Roger Lee, Linda McDowell, Peter Sunley, SAGE Publications Ltd(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
they are concerned with the social, cultural, and political context in which economic reproduction occurs. The spatial aspects of this are often expressed through: Mode of societalisation A term used to discuss the pattern of institutions and social cohesion, or the spatial patterning of regimes of accumulation. THE LOCAL IN THE GLOBAL 125 productivity and obtaining the same output with a reduced workforce), rationalization (cutting capacity in response to intensifica-tion and/or relocating capacity elsewhere geographically), and technical change (labour saving methods of production such as mecha-nization and manufacturing improvement). This, in turn, influenced three spatial struc-tures of production: locationally concentrated and vertically integrated, cloning branch-plants, and part processing systems. The inevitable impact of all this was job-losses, with a geographical anatomy of uneven devel-opment and distinctive localities emerging under globalization and economic restructur-ing, which Massey (1984; see also Lovering, 1989) sought to uncover by way of a ‘restruc-turing approach’ based on five principles: 1. Linkages need to be made between local econ-omies and processes operating at regional, national and international scales. 2. Local economic factors and economic changes need to be linked to constellations of social, political, technical and cultural concerns. 3. Critical focus has to be placed on the role of labour (and class relations) in the location imperatives of firms. 4. Analysis of local and regional economic change should begin with broad economic processes and then examine impacts on localities, thereby identifying a two-way relationship between local conditions and broader processes (the specific and the general).
eBook - PDF- R. Knowles, J. Wareing(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Made Simple(Publisher)
PART ONE: THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE MAN AND ENVIRONMENT Geography is currently going through an exciting period in its development as new problems are identified and new methods of analysis are formulated. It is not easy to say precisely what geography is about because geographers often hold different views of the subject, and these views change from time to time, but this is not surprising since geographers are interested in a very wide range of problems and rapid advances are being made in the subject, as they are in all branches of knowledge. Because geography involves such a wide range of knowledge, the subject has been divided into two major areas of study. The first of these is physical geography, which is concerned with the physical environment of landforms, weather and climate, soils, and plants and animals (see Physical Geography Made Simple). The second is human geography, which is concerned with man's activities over the surface of the earth. In many ways this is a false distinction since the activities of man take place within the physical environment, and the physical environment is considerably affected by these activities, but the divi-sion is a useful one and in this book the physical environment will only be considered in relation to man. Human geography can be studied in two principal ways. First, the earth's surface can be studied part by part. This is the approach of regional geography, which seeks to understand the unique character of an area as produced by the interaction of human activity and the physical environment. Secondly, human activity over the earth's surface can be studied part by part. This is the approach of systematic geography, which isolates particular elements such as agriculture, industry or transport, and seeks to understand their spatial patterns and the processes which have produced them.
eBook - PDFRegional Integration in East Asia
From the Viewpoint of Spatial Economics
- Masahisa Fujita(Author)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
Table 1.1 contrasts the frame- work of this new school with that of the traditional (neoclassical) inter- national/regional economics. The hallmark of the new economic geography is the presentation of a unified approach to modelling a spatial economy characterized by a large variety of economic agglomeration, one that emphasizes the three- 8 Introduction way interaction among increasing returns, transport costs (broadly defined), and the movement of productive factors, in which a general equilibrium model is combined with nonlinear dynamics and an evo- lutionary approach for equilibrium selection. Figure 1.4 represents the basic conceptual framework of the new economic geography. The observed spatial configuration of economic activities is consid- ered to be the outcome of a process involving two opposing types of forces, that is, agglomeration (or centripetal) forces and dispersion (or cen- trifugal) forces. As a complicated balance of these two opposing forces, a variety of local agglomeration of economic activity emerges, and the spatial structure of the entire economy is self-organized. With the grad- ual changes in technological and socioeconomic environments, the spatial system of the economy experiences a sequence of structural changes, evolving toward an increasingly complex system. The formation of endogenous agglomeration forces In this framework, then, the first two questions of obvious importance are: 1. How can we explain the agglomeration forces? 2. How can we explain the dispersion forces? As explained previously, the answer to Question 2 is rather easy, for the concentration of economic activities at a location will naturally increase factor prices (such as land price and wage rate) and induce congestion effects (such as traffic congestion and air pollution), which can be readily explained by traditional economic theory.
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