Energy Supply and Demand

6 Key excerpts on "Energy Supply and Demand"

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  eBook - PDF

  Applied Energy

  An Introduction

  • Mohammad Omar Abdullah(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3 Energy Resources, Supply, and Demand In this chapter, we will cover and examine one of the most fundamental aspects of energy application, in relation to the following elements: • Energy resources; • Energy supply; and • Energy demand. Also, we see the relationships between the elements as well as their importance to our energy applications — as a which influences our worldwide energy application scenarios. 3.1 Introduction to Energy Resources, Supply, and Demand Our energy resources, energy supply, and energy demand can be represented by the optimistic, balanced plots shown in Figure 3.1. It is a general trend that, over the years, as total energy demand increases due to our daily energy requirements, total energy supply also increases in order to meet those demands. ∗ Y ear Total energy Energy resources Energy supply Energy demand Figure 3.1 The interrelation of energy resources, energy supply, and energy demand based on optimistic, balanced total energy application (OBTE) scenarios. ∗ It is to be noted that the plot of total energy resources is also shown increasing year by year rather than as a fixed plateau; this does not violate the energy conservation laws as outlined in Chapter 1. The total amount of energy in the earth’s system remains unchanged, that is, theoretically, it is the total net available energy reserves that decrease with time (see Section 3.2.2). 79 80 Applied Energy: An Introduction 3.2 Energy Resources 3.2.1 What Is Energy Resources? Energy resources is a term used to define ways of getting energy for our energy applications. Our world’s energy resources basically have close links with the sun, which travels marvelously and consistently around the globe, as a result of which the sun also contributes useful rays and the associated energy on the earth.

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  Energy Security for the EU in the 21st Century

  Markets, Geopolitics and Corridors

  • José María Marín Quemada, Javier García-Verdugo, Gonzalo Escribano(Authors)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Taylor & Francis

    (Publisher)

  Part I

  Energy, geopolitics andenergy security

  Qualitative and quantitative analysis Passage contains an image

  1

  Global energy needs and resources Geographical imbalances and energy security

  Javier García-Verdugo and Laura Rodríguez

  There is no further need to stress the importance of energy for the global economy. It is critical however to be aware that any policy decisions about energy should be based on a sound knowledge of the facts about the international energy industry. Apart from the strictly technical aspects of energy sources (calorific factors, production technologies, pollutants content by fuel and so on), the other fundamental feature of global energy is the unbalanced geographical distribution of reserves, production and consumption, so that international energy-related trade flows become essential for the energy security (see Chapter 2 ) of most countries.

  This chapter will briefly review the basic statistical data of the world energy system – world energy demand, production and reserves – with a breakdown in each case by energy sources and by regions. We will begin with energy demand, since it can be argued that the energy industry – the activities of exploration, production, transport and distribution – follows the path set by energy consumption, which in turn is highly dependent on economic growth. Energy production patterns and fossil fuel reserves will be explored next. Finally, an analysis of international energy trade will connect supply origins with demand centres and will provide the basis for the in-depth analysis of energy corridors and energy security carried out in the rest of the book. The interaction between energy production and demand determines the short run equilibrium of the system, while the long run situation depends on the rate of growth of energy consumption and the expected variation in reserves.

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  Global Energy Interconnection

  • Zhenya Liu(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  Supply 123 4.2 Large-Scale Clean Energy Bases on Each Continent 124 4.3 Distributed Energy Development 150 4.4 Development and Utilization of Fossil Energy 153 5 Global Electricity Flow 157 5.1 Reasoning and Principles Behind Global Electricity Flow 157 5.2 Overview of Global Electricity Supply 159 5.3 Electricity Supply and Demand Balance on Each Continent 162 5.4 Development Trend of Global Electricity Flow 172 Summary 181 1. Major Factors Nowadays, energy development is closely associated and aligned with socioeconomic development. It determines the close link that Energy Supply and Demand has with economy, society, the environment and resources. Generally speaking, socioeconomic development, energy resource endowment, energy environment constraints, technological progress, and energy policy regulation are the five major factors that influence Energy Supply and Demand (See Fig. 4.1). In particular, socioeconomic development, including economic and population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, determines the growth trend of gross energy demand and regional distribution. The reserves and distribution of energy resources determine the supply potential, structure, and distribution of energy. Energy and environmental constraints restrict the overall level, structure and way of mankind’s utilization of energy resources to meet energy demand. As the Earth’s ecological environment deteriorates, its impact on energy consumption, supply structure, and structural readjustment has become increasingly prominent. Energy technological advancement and energy policy regulation mirror the combined effect of science and technology and government regulation on economy, energy, and the environment. Energy technological progress is a major decisive factor in directly determining the efficiency of energy production and consumption as well as environmental emissions

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  Energy Demand And Economic Growth

  Measurement And Conceptual Issues In Policy Analysis

  • Corazon M Siddayao(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  2 Understanding the Demand for Energy DOI: 10.4324/9780429038563-3

  This discussion assumes that the reader has some basic understanding of the notion of demand for a commodity and the related concepts of elasticities. Appendix 2.1 provides a brief refresher for those requiring it.

  The Demand for Energy

  The principal determinants of demand are (1) the possible prices of commodity X; (2) the prices and availability of closely related commodities, both substitutes and complements; (3) the prices of other commodities that compete for the buyer's disposable income; (4) the buyer's disposable income; (5) buyer preferences; (6) buyer expectations; and (7) technology.

  Energy demand is a derived demand, and thus the price and availability of related goods as demand determinants includes both the prices and availability of competing fuels or energy sources and those of appliances or processes requiring the use of a particular fuel. The preferences of the buyer include the effects on purchasing decisions or choices of promotional activities of gas and electric companies or appliance dealers, climatic conditions, and regional factors such as the dispersion of communities. In industry demand the preferences category would include technology because given the demand for the industry's output, current production technology will dictate the level of consumption of any specific energy resource. Expectations might also comprise profit expectations because energy in this sector is a production input and depends, among other things, on the level of demand for the industry's output and on cost considerations.

  If demand is viewed from an aggregated level, additional variables include population change and the related demographic characteristics. Income could then be viewed in terms of income per caput. More specific studies might add a more refined definition in terms of the distribution of income because, as pointed out earlier, the marginal propensity to consume at higher levels of income may very well differ from that at relatively lower levels.

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  The Geography of Tourism and Recreation

  Environment, Place and Space

  • C. Michael Hall, Stephen J. Page(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2 ) that highlight the importance of more theoretically derived explanations of key geographical questions on leisure and tourism provision (i.e. supply). In particular, such research questions the notion of who gets what, where, with more emphasis on why, the classic statement by Lasswell (1936) with respect to the study of politics. More theoretically informed research from a political economy perspective (Hall 2012c) tends to utilise structural explanations to help understand issues of location. This approach focuses on the way society is managed and controlled by those exercising power in examining causes rather than just the effects in time and space. The result is that the geographer needs to consider more challenging perspectives related to the way in which leisure (and tourism) supply is produced by the state and private sector at different scales. Indeed, Schwanen and Kwan (2009) extend the debate, arguing for more critical spatial analysis by geographers that challenges the different forms of oppression and exploitation that reflect the long tradition of radical geography developed by Peet (2009; see also Hall 2012a). This chapter will review some of these new debates together with the evolution of the geographer’s contribution to the analysis of supply issues.

  What is supply?

  Supply is the overarching concept to explain how resources and services are delivered to the source of demand (the consumer) and has developed divergent approaches within the leisure and tourism literature. Although supply and demand are, in one sense, inseparable – as the leisure or tourism experience occurs at the point they coincide – it is often conceptually useful to separate the concepts for ease of analysis. The term ‘supply’ is also often used interchangeably with the concept of production. Leisure supply has predominantly adopted a localised and regional focus reflected in the distances people could travel to consume resources (as well as the in-home consumption). In contrast, tourism supply has developed a range of perspectives that expands upon the regional and national scale of analysis through to the international scale in view of the distance and scale of consumption in relation to the place of residence which most leisure trips are focused around in terms of origin/destination flows (see Chapter 1

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  Third Millennium Capitalism

  Convergence of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Forces

  • Wyatt Rogers(Author)
  • 2000(Publication Date)
  • Praeger

    (Publisher)

  Unfortunately, several factors often come into play to limit the best use of energy resources. Among these are the nonuniform geographic distribution of energy resources, especially fossil fuels; thelack of availability of state- of-the-art technologies in some developing countries; and the political maneuverings of certain nations that possess abundant supplies of petro- leum that are in demand elsewhere. The geographic distribution and concentrations of energy sources around the world vary widely. Some regions are well endowed with pe- troleum, while others possess coal, biomass, wind, or geothermal re- sources. For instance, the Middle East contains by far the largest reserves of oil and natural gas, while Russia, China, and the United States possess the world’s largest coal resources. Less well known and researched are regions where renewable energy resources dominate, although it has been established that virtually every region has some form of renewable resource that may be utilized under appropriate conditions. For example, the vast forests of Africa, Southeast Asia, India, and South America could produce sufficient biomass energy as well as solar and wind power to support greatly increased industrialization without resorting to wide- spread use of fossil or nuclear fuels. In view of mounting environmental problems and the apparent lack of concern among the general public over future energy shortages, environ- mentalists decry America’s profligate energy consumption andcall for strong conservation measures to curtail energy usage. Environmental groups have been instrumental in forcing regulatory changes in energy facility operations that reflect environmental protection values. It is widely recognized that energy-related mining, refineries, power plants, smelters, and heavy manufacturing operations are among the major “point-sources’’ of pollution.

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