Fertility, Mortality and Migration

10 Key excerpts on "Fertility, Mortality and Migration"

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  Visualizing Human Geography

  At Home in a Diverse World

  • Alyson L. Greiner(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  In its broadest sense, fertility refers to the ability to pro- duce offspring. More narrowly, however, fertility refers to the births within a given population. Fertility and mortality—the incidence of death within a given popu- lation—are affected by biological, social, economic, political, and cultural factors. Population geographers use two important mea- sures of fertility: the crude birth rate (CBR) and the total fertility rate (TFR). Of these measures, the CBR is the most familiar, but it is also a more general measure. Thus, it is “crude” in the sense that it re- flects childbearing trends within society as a whole rather than by specific age group. Globally, the CBR ranges from 6 in the small European principality of Monaco to 46 in the African countries of Mali, Niger, and Zambia. The CBR for the world is 20, while that for the United States is 13. The TFR helps population experts to gauge family size and predict future population trends. arithmetic density The number of people per unit area of land. physiological density The number of people per unit area of arable land. crude birth rate (CBR) The annual number of births per 1000 people. total fertility rate (TFR) The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years (between the ages of 15 and 49), given current birth rates. 58 CHAPTER 3 Population and Migration Geography InSight Population densities • Figure 3.2 THE PLANNER ✓ ✓ ▲ b. Arithmetic and physiological densities The higher the physiological density is, the greater the pressure that a population exerts on land that is used for agriculture. Bangladesh records high arithmetic and physiological densities even though the country has a high percentage of arable land.

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  Demographics

  A Guide to Methods and Data Sources for Media, Business, and Government

  • Steven H. Murdock, Chris Kelley, Jeffrey L. Jordan, Beverly Pecotte, Alvin Luedke(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  population refers to the persons living in a specific area at a specific point in time. It refers to the aggregate, the group of people as a whole, in an area. As such, it has characteristics that are unique to an aggregate and are not just the sum of individuals’ traits or characteristics. For example, a population can have a death rate, birth rate, etc., but individuals are either alive or dead, have or have not been born. There is no death or birth “rate” for an individual. Demographers tend to concentrate on the description of factors about the population as a whole, as an aggregate.

  Size refers simply to the number of people in the population in a given area, distribution to how the people in a population are distributed across space (with space usually being defined as a specific type of area such as a metropolitan area, city, census tract, etc.), and composition to the characteristics of the population (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity). Fertility refers to the reproductive behavior (specifically the number of births) in a population, mortality to the incidence of death in a population, and migration to the movement of people from one area to another.

  Unlike fertility and mortality that are clearly identifiable from a biological event, a migration event is less directly observable. Migration is not simply movement but relatively permanent movement from one area to another. Thus commuting is not considered migration. The exact definition of migration varies among nations. In the United States, migrants are those who have changed their residence from one county to another. There is no minimum distance required to be a migrant.

  Migration is often further differentiated relative to its source and its relationship to an area of reference. Thus migration includes both domestic migration, which is the movement of people into or out of an area from or to another area in the same nation, and international migration, which is the movement of people from or to other nations (also referred to by the general term of immigration ). Relative to domestic migration, movement of people into an area of reference is referred to as inmigration , movement out of an area of reference is referred to as outmigration, and the net result of inmigration and outmigration is referred to as net domestic migration . When describing immigration, the movement of persons into a reference nation is referred to by the general term immigration , the movement of people out of a reference nation is referred to as emigration, and the net result is referred to as net immigration

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  Human Geography

  People, Place, and Culture

  • Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Nash, Alexander B. Murphy, Harm J. de Blij(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  The example of India shows us that internal political, social, and technological changes can influence TFR at the local level. • The demographic transition model reflects the changing demographic patterns noted in Great Britain and much of Europe from the 18th century to the present day. It demonstrates how technological and social changes impact population growth and decline. However, it would be unwise to presume that all countries will follow this model. MAIN POINTS 4.2 Why Do Populations Grow or Decline in Particular Places? 4.3 How Does the Geography of Health Influence Population Dynamics? Understanding the nature of a country’s population requires much more than simply knowing the total population or the growth rate, densities, distribution, and composition. Also of significance is the welfare of the country’s people across regions, ethnicities, or social classes. Among the most important influences on population dynamics are geographical factors. Location— that is, where one lives and works—influences access to health care, availability of clean water and good sanitation, prevalence of diseases, and quality of housing, nutrition, and education. It is important to consider how different groups, from the elderly to the disabled, experience their everyday geographies. For example, the Guest Field Note by Nicole Yantzi illustrates how geography affects and is experienced by those with chronic ill- nesses and disabilities. INFANT MORTALITY One of the leading measures of the condition of a country’s population is the infant mor- tality rate (IMR). Infant mortality records the death of babies during the first year of life. Child mortality records death be- tween ages one and five. Infant mortality is usually given as the number of deaths per thousand for every thousand live births. Infant and child mortality reflect the overall health of a society. High infant mortality has a variety of causes, the physical health of the mother being a key factor.

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  Applied Human Geography

  • Rodolfo B. Valdenarro(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Therefore, texts like Robert Woods (1979) gave greater importance to the vital demographic phenomena of fertility and mortality and rather he gave less attention to migration. The concept was to combine the population geography and spatial demography all around a core of theory that is the consequent of demography. This overlapped with the greater application of quantitative methodologies in geography normally, with texts like Philip Rees and Alan Wilson’s (1977) concentrating on the application of population accounts and models for the spatial demographic examination, and Peter Congdon Applied Human Geography 122 and Peter Batey’s (1989) ushering an interdisciplinary opinion about the “regional demography.” 6.3. DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF POPULATION GE-OGRAPHY The initial and most lasting form of population geography was occurred from the 1950s onwards, as a portion of spatial science. Founded by Glenn Trewartha, Wilbur Zelinsky, William A. V. Clark, and others in the United States of America, as well as Jacqueline Beujeau-Garnier and Pierre George in France, it paid attention on the methodical research of the dispersal of the entire population and the spatial alteration in the features of the population like fertility and mortality. Specified the quickly increasing population all over the world as well as the baby boom in wealthy nations like the United States of America, these geographers researched the connection among the demographic development and resources at an international scale, and population relocation all over the country. A classic contribution might be Zelinsky’s mobility transition model (1971) which is connecting migration and demographic alteration. They make use of the secondary sources of the information like censuses to map and define the population alteration and difference, comprising of such trends as counter-urbanization.

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  21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook

  • Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck, Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck(Authors)
  • 2006(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications, Inc

    (Publisher)

  the scientific study of the size, composition, and spatial distribution of human populations, and the changes that occur in these phenomena through the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration

  (Poston 2000).

  The subject matter of demography is often divided into formal or mathematical demography and social demography or population studies (Hauser and Duncan 1959a). Formal demography may be distinguished from social demography by the substantive foci of the independent and dependent variables. Both approaches endeavor to model dependent variables that are demographic in nature; that is, they are concerned with one of the demographic processes of fertility, mortality, or migration or one of the demographic characteristics of age and sex. However, the independent variables of formal demography are also demographic, whereas those of social demography are nondemographic.

  To illustrate, a formal demographer might examine among populations the influence of age composition on the birth rate or, alternately, the influence of the birth rate on age composition. Another illustration of a formal demographic exercise would be an analysis among cities of the effects of the sex composition of in-migrants on city death rates. In contrast, a social demographer might study the influence of a sociological independent variable, such as social class, on the death rate; or the effects of a social psychological variable, such as attitudes about motherhood, on desired and intended fertility; or the effects of a geographic variable, such as annual rainfall, on population density; or the influence of an economic variable, such as economic or livelihood opportunities, on the migration rate (Kammeyer and Ginn 1986). Social demography is necessarily broader in scope and orientation than formal demography. As Preston (1993) has written, it includes “research of any disciplinary stripe on the causes and consequences of population change” (p. 593).

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  ECESIS: An Interregional Economic-Demographic Model of the United States

  • Paul M. Beaumont(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Taylor & Francis

    (Publisher)

  Chapter Nine: Fertility, Mortality and Migration

  9.1 Introduction

  The previous chapter outlined the accounting framework used in the ECESIS demographic model. The accounting system takes as given state level fertility and mortality rates and state-to-state migration flows. This chapter describes how each of these variables is determined in ECESIS.

  To avoid confusion, in this section the term “fertility rate” will refer to births per thousand females in the age group 18-44 years. This rate is not disaggregated by race. A “crude birth rate” further aggregates by sex. The “mortality rate” refers to deaths per age-sex cohort. Again, there is no race disaggregation.

  9.2 Fertility Rates

  Economists have begun to analyze fertility using the same framework that they have traditionally used to analyze goods. The “price” of bearing and raising children consists of direct costs such as food, clothing, health care, etc., and indirect costs such as the opportunity cost of (typically) the mother’s time. Several studies have found the expected negative relationship between female wages and the fertility rate (Cain and Dooley 1976; Cain and Weininger 1973; DeFronzo 1976; DeTray 1973; Butz and Ward 1979). Continuing the analogy, the income effect on the fertility rate should be positive as suggested by Maithus. In fact, there tends to be a negative relationship between income and fertility. The simple correlation, however, fails to account for the influence of other variables. Becker and Lewis (1973), Easterlin (1976), and Leibenstein (1975, 1976) have presented arguments showing that the income effect on fertility may be offset by the effect of income on other variables which also affect fertility.

  Two theories currently dominate research on the economic effects on fertility. The first, proposed by Easterlin (1973), focuses on relative cohort size and the resulting relative income measures. The second, proposed by Butz and Ward (1979), is a countercyclical model of fertility focussing on prices.

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  Population Geography

  • Rodolfo B. Valdenarro(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Population Geography 124 • Growth of the Economy: In the long-run, fertility raises production output exogenously. And the correlation between the growth of the population and the growth of the economy has already been negated since the 1980s. • The Dividend of Demography: Economic growth is assisted by a family decline through favorable changes that are favorable to the age-structure—the “demographic dividend” concentration which is larger of the population in the working ages, therefore accelerating productivity per capita. Economic growth in East Asia and Latin America in the period since 1960 has been contributed substantially by the demographic dividend. • Natural Environment: The cause of looming shortages of freshwater in many countries is a direct and proximate of high fertility and resulting population growth. Global warming has been contributed by population growth—the addition may be as much as a third—and reduction of fertility through expansive family planning. A major development from the more modern job on the joint between development and population is the importance of being certain about the ways through which the joints work. At the major level, the impingement of high fertility on other results could be directed through the population size (natural environment implications), population growth rate (budgets implications), or population distribution of the age (economic productivity implications). High fertility is influenced by the following factors: • High Demand for Children: The children demand is high in most of the high fertility rates countries especially in the West and Central Africa. • Unmet Family Planning Needs: Most of the high fertility countries unmet the medium to high levels of family planning needs—the pervasiveness typically ranges from a fifth to a third of women who are married. • First Union Age: In most high fertility rates countries, society’s age at first union is relatively young (on average 20 or less age).

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  World Population Ageing 2015

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • United Nations Publications

    (Publisher)

  United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ǀ Population Division 41 III. Demographic drivers of population ageing The size and age composition of a population are determined jointly by three demographic processes: Fertility, Mortality and Migration. Fertility levels and trends determine the size of each birth cohort; while mortality levels and trends determine what proportion of those cohorts eventually survive to old age. Age patterns of immigration and emigration also influence the age distribution of the population, although to a lesser extent than fertility and mortality in most countries. This chapter describes the relationships between the three main demographic processes and population ageing, drawing primarily upon United Nations population estimates and projections from World Population Prospects: the 2015 Revision . A. F ERTILITY AND MORTALITY AS DETERMINANTS OF TRENDS IN THE NUMBERS OF OLDER PERSONS The present growth rate of the population of older persons is a function of the levels of fertility prevailing some 60 years ago when today’s new cohorts of older persons were born, together with the likelihood that members of those birth cohorts survived to older ages. Figure III.1 shows the growth rate of the population aged 60 or over in 2010-2015 versus the total fertility rate (expressed as the average number of children per woman) 60 years earlier, in 1950-1955, for countries or areas with at least 500,000 residents aged 60 years or older in 2015. 12 In general, countries that had high fertility 60 years ago saw faster growth in the number of older persons during 2010-2015. In the Philippines, for example, the total fertility rate was 7.4 children per woman in 1950-1955, and today, the number of older people (aged 60 years or over) is growing rapidly, at an average 3.6 per cent per year in 2010-2015.

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  Historical Geography of England and Wales

  • Robert A. Dodgshon, Robin A. Butlin(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  If that is so, it could be further argued that although fertility was, over this period, the most important proximate demographic determinant exerting influence on national intrinsic growth rates, both mortahty and fertility were in their turn being influenced by geographical mobility. Measures of intrinsic growth rates that depend on the interplay of the expectation of life at birth and the GRR provide a seductive, two-dimensional account of demographic processes that owe a very great deal to migratory trends. The third and most important dimension is to be sought in the restiessness of the English population through this period as individuals and families moved increasingly within and outside the nation. References 1. For example, ]. Thirsk, 'Sources of information on population'. Amateur History, iv (1959), pp. 129-33, 182-5; see also T. Hollingsworth, Historical Demography, (London, 1969), pp. 78-88,111-26. 2. M. W. Flinn, British Population Growth, 1750-1850, (London, 1969). 3. Described in detail in E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541-1871: A Reconstruction, (London, 1981, and 2nd edn, Cambridge, 1988). 4. R. S. Schofield and B. Midi Berry, 'Age at baptism in pre-industrial England', Population Studies, 15 (1971), pp. 281-312. 5. For important critical evaluations of this work see the following: M. Anderson, 'Historical demography after The Population History of England', in R. I. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds). Population and Economy: Population and History from the Traditional to the Modern World, (Cambridge, 1986); M. W. Flinn, The Population History of England, 1541-1871, essays in bibliography and criticism'. Economic History Review, XXXV (1982), pp. 443-57; M. P. Gutmann, 'Gold from dross? Population reconstruction for the pre-census era'. Historical Methods, 17 (1984), pp. 5-19; L. Henry and D. Blanchet, 'La population de I'Angleterre de 1541 á 1871', Population, 38 (1983), pp.

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  Aging Process of Population

  • Edward Rosset(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Pergamon

    (Publisher)

  Thus, the lower the fertility level, the faster the aging tempo of the population. It should not be forgotten that retrospective computations have three unknowns, and the third unknown—migratory movements— (d) Central America {including Mexico) We already know the prospective computations made by the United Nations demographers for Central America (including Mexico). They comprise several variants indicating the development of the population's age structure for the period 1950-80: they all assume identical mortality rates while the fertility rates differ. This forecast may be used, therefore, as a source of information about the effects of fertility on the aging process. 342 A G I N G PROCESS OF P O P U L A T I O N AGE STRUCTURE OF A STABLE P O P U L A T I O N MODEL A S S U M I N G DIFFERENT FERTILITIES A N D C O N S T A N T MORTALITY Gross reproduction rate 4 3 2 1 Average expected length of life at birth (yr) 50 50 50 50 Percentage of people 0-14 51-5 44-6 34-2 17-8 15-59 45-8 50-9 57-2 60-7 6 0 + 2-7 4-5 8-6 21-5 Source: JEAN BOURGEOIS-PICHAT: Utilisation de la notion de population stable pour mesurer la mortality et la feconditi des populations des pays sous-developpes t p. 4. may either strengthen or weaken, or even neutralize, the effects of the factor which has been examined. There is, however, an important objection to the method of pro-spective computations. They are hypothetical only to a certain degree; although the future trends of births and deaths are based on definite hypotheses, prospective computations are greatly influenced by pre-vious empirical relations between fertility and mortality. The shorter the period covered by the demographic forecast, the smaller are the effects of a hypothesis.

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