Natural Increase

6 Key excerpts on "Natural Increase"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Population Geography

  Pergamon Oxford Geographies

  • John I. Clarke, W. B. Fisher(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Pergamon

    (Publisher)

  C H A P T E R Χ POPULATION G R O W T H THE reason for calling this chapter Population Growth rather than Population Change is that at national level very few populations are declining. Most are growing so rapidly that world population growth is one of the major problems of the present. On the other hand, within developed countries there are usually many districts experiencing population decUne. Measures of Population Growth and Replacement Apart from the absolute increase or decrease per annum, one of the most common measures of growth is the annual rate of increase. The U.N. Demo-graphic Yearbooks use the foUowing formula: X 100 where PQ is the population at the beginning of the period. Pi is the population at the end of the period, and t is the number of years. The two main components may be census returns or population estimates, and so the rate is subjea to the general quaUfications for such data. It is a useful rate, and may be helpful in assessing the accuracy of vital and migration statistics. Natural Increase is the positive difference between the numbers of births and deaths, and the Natural Increase rate is the difference between the crude birth and death rates; natural decrease and natural decrease rates are negative differences, but they are less common, except in rural areas of developed countries. A Natural Increase rate may also be calculated by subtracting deaths from births and dividing by the population total for a specific year. Despite its widespread use, this rate expresses population growth very imperfectly, as it ignores the ageing of each individual diuring the year and does not differentiate between the deaths of old and young persons. In other words, Natural Increase rates ignore age-composition, so a population with a high proportion in the reproductive age-groups might have a positive natmral increase rate and yet experience low fertiUty and lack of replacement.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Human Geography

  People, Place, and Culture

  • Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Nash, Alexander B. Murphy, Harm J. de Blij(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  Therefore, we usually begin by considering population change within a defined terri- tory or unit of a country or other administrative unit, such as a province or city. One basic indicator of population change is the rate of Natural Increase (RNI) in a country’s population. The RNI is calculated by subtracting the deaths from births for the total population over a particular period of time, usually one year. For example, Canada’s RNI in 2011/2012 was 0.4 percent, calculated by subtracting the crude death rate (0.7 percent) from the crude birth rate (1.1 percent). This is a relatively simple statistic to calculate and compre- hend; however, calculating the Natural Increase misses two other key components in a country’s population: immigration, which along with births adds to the total population; and emigration Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) An indicator of population change, calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. 102 CHAPTER 4 Population FIGURE 4.16 World Population Growth, 2012. Annual natural rate of population increase by country. Population growth rates in Subsaharan Africa remain relatively high, and population growth rates in Europe and Russia remain relatively low. Data from: Population Reference Bureau, 2012. (outmigration), which along with deaths subtracts from the total population. Using these four components, we can calcu- late demographic change within a territory. POPULATION CHANGE AT THE WORLD SCALE World population growth is mapped in Figure 4.16. Most of the world’s population growth is expected to be in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. This measure of population growth does not, however, take into account emigration and immigration, which we will discuss in Chapter 5. Other maps and tables of population growth may take into account emigra- tion and immigration. Statistics for each population trait can be calculated globally, by region, by country, or even for smaller locales.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Economic and Social Geography

  • R. Knowles, J. Wareing(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Made Simple

    (Publisher)

  Hill, C, Immigration and Integration: A Study of the Settlement of Coloured Minori-ties in Britain, Pergamon, Oxford, 1970. Jones, Ε. Α., The Social Structure of Modern Britain (2nd edn), Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Kwee Choo, N., The Chinese in London, Oxford University Press, London, 1968. Peach, C, West Indian Migration to Britain. A Study in Social Geography, Oxford University Press, London, 1968. Peach, C. (Ed.), Urban Social Segregation, Longman, London, 1975. Rose, Η. M., The Black Ghetto. A Spatial Behavioural Perspective, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971. Trewartha, G. T., A Geography of Population: World Patterns, Wiley, New York, 1969. CHAPTER EIGHT POPULATION GROWTH In Chapter Five the point was made that patterns of population distribution are never static. Any map of population distribution is simply an approximate representation of that distribution at a particular time. Although most coun-tries contain certain regions which have shown a loss of population in recent years, almost all the nations of the world are currently characterised by an overall increase in numbers. Indeed, during the present century the world's population has increased at a rate unprecedented in the history of mankind, so that world population growth has become one of the most urgent problems of the present time. Population growth may be expressed in various ways. The term Natural Increase refers simply to the difference between the numbers of births and deaths. More useful is Natural Increase rate, which is calculated by subtracting deaths from births and dividing by the total population for a specific year. However, Natural Increase rate ignores the age composition of the population and is not a measure of replacement. For example, a population with a high proportion of young adults in the reproductive age group might have a posi-tive Natural Increase rate and yet still be experiencing low fertility and lack of replacement.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Population and Development

  The Demographic Transition

  • Tim Dyson(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Zed Books

    (Publisher)

  Table 3.2 that this death rate was almost as high as that prevailing in sub-Saharan Africa (13.9 per thousand), although, of course, the levels of mortality in these two regions – as gauged by life expectancy – were very different. Note too that in 2005–10 Europe’s death rate was slightly higher than its birth rate – implying negative Natural Increase of about −0.1 per cent per year. Because of a modest amount of in-migration, however, the region’s population growth rate was slightly positive.

  Discussion These regional sketches provide only a flavour of contemporary demographic variation. Although they have been framed in relation to the year 2010, the broad relative picture should remain fresh for a considerable period.

  As noted, as one moves downwards in Table 3.2 so, in general, life expectancy rises, total fertility falls, and the population growth rate declines. Also, the populations tend to become both older and more urban in their composition. To a considerable degree, the differences between regions reflect differences in the timing of their experience of the demographic transition. Thus it is fair to say that the transition came last to sub-Saharan Africa; and Europe and North America were the first to experience the phenomenon.

  Notice that differences in population growth rates between the regions are largely explained by differences in the birth rates rather than in the death rates. Thus the range of variation in the birth rates in Table 3.2 is some 28 points (i.e. 38.6 – 10.5) whereas the range of variation in the death rates is only about 8 points (i.e. 13.9 – 6.0). Therefore, it is birth-rate variation which accounts for most of the variation in contemporary rates of Natural Increase, and therefore rates of population growth.

  It is difficult to say exactly when a population has completed going through the demographic transition – because its completion can be defined with respect to several different characteristics.11 The first six regions in Table 3.2 , however, are certainly still experiencing the transition in various ways. In particular, they are all experiencing Natural Increase (i.e. higher birth rates than death rates), although only to a modest degree in East Asia. The level of fertility is also declining in these regions, again with the exception of East Asia, where fertility is already very low. The populations of all six regions are steadily getting older. Furthermore, these regions – including Latin America – are still experiencing urbanization. Indeed, to the extent that there are anomalies in relation to the relative levels of urbanization in Table 3.2 , they are partly explained by differences of classification.12

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Demographics

  A Guide to Methods and Data Sources for Media, Business, and Government

  • Steven H. Murdock, Chris Kelley, Jeffrey L. Jordan, Beverly Pecotte, Alvin Luedke(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2 Basic Concepts, Definitions, and Geography of Demography As with any area of study, it is essential in demography to understand its basic concepts and the definitions of its key terms and to become familiar with the types of geographic areas for which demographic data are generally available. Knowing the jargon of demography and knowing the types of areas for which data can be obtained are essential first steps in knowing how to effectively use its data. In this chapter, we provide an overview of key concepts and definitions and examine the geographic bases used in demography and its applications. Basic Dimensions and Processes Given the definition of demography as the study of population size, distribution, and composition and of the processes that determine these, a logical place to begin in understanding demographic factors is to understand (1) what is meant by a population; (2) the three key dimensions of population–size, distribution, and composition; and (3) the three basic processes that determine population change–fertility, mortality, and migration. A population refers to the persons living in a specific area at a specific point in time. It refers to the aggregate, the group of people as a whole, in an area. As such, it has characteristics that are unique to an aggregate and are not just the sum of individuals’ traits or characteristics. For example, a population can have a death rate, birth rate, etc., but individuals are either alive or dead, have or have not been born. There is no death or birth “rate” for an individual

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Population Geography

  • Rodolfo B. Valdenarro(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Population Geography 124 • Growth of the Economy: In the long-run, fertility raises production output exogenously. And the correlation between the growth of the population and the growth of the economy has already been negated since the 1980s. • The Dividend of Demography: Economic growth is assisted by a family decline through favorable changes that are favorable to the age-structure—the “demographic dividend” concentration which is larger of the population in the working ages, therefore accelerating productivity per capita. Economic growth in East Asia and Latin America in the period since 1960 has been contributed substantially by the demographic dividend. • Natural Environment: The cause of looming shortages of freshwater in many countries is a direct and proximate of high fertility and resulting population growth. Global warming has been contributed by population growth—the addition may be as much as a third—and reduction of fertility through expansive family planning. A major development from the more modern job on the joint between development and population is the importance of being certain about the ways through which the joints work. At the major level, the impingement of high fertility on other results could be directed through the population size (natural environment implications), population growth rate (budgets implications), or population distribution of the age (economic productivity implications). High fertility is influenced by the following factors: • High Demand for Children: The children demand is high in most of the high fertility rates countries especially in the West and Central Africa. • Unmet Family Planning Needs: Most of the high fertility countries unmet the medium to high levels of family planning needs—the pervasiveness typically ranges from a fifth to a third of women who are married. • First Union Age: In most high fertility rates countries, society’s age at first union is relatively young (on average 20 or less age).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book