History
Irish Rebellion
The Irish Rebellion refers to a series of uprisings and conflicts in Ireland, particularly the 1641 rebellion and the Easter Rising of 1916. These events were driven by a desire for independence from British rule and resulted in significant political and social consequences for Ireland. The rebellions played a crucial role in shaping Irish history and the ongoing struggle for self-determination.
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eBook - PDFThe Irish Brigade, 1670–1745
The Wild Geese in French Service
- D. P. Graham(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Pen and Sword Military(Publisher)
Chapter 3 Rebellion 1641–1651 A n exhaustive analysis of the significant and far-reaching events in Ireland during the 1640s would demand many volumes. However, it is pertinent in this instance to outline the key events and thus set a context for the unfolding drama. The English Civil War, and its links to events in Scotland and Ireland, provided the crucible for the destabilisation of a monarchy and the death of a king. The early years of the seventeenth century had seen upheaval and displacement amongst the Irish in Ulster, through the combination of plantation and the new political and socio-economic environment. After the Flight of the Earls and the transplanting of settlers to the lands of the erstwhile Gaelic lords, most Irish tenants were, in turn, transplanted to more mountainous or less fertile areas. In the end the move to ‘plant’ had been a political one, an attempt to exorcise the threat of rebellion and invasion and to seize the initiative after the departure of so many of the Irish ruling classes. The new planters and settlers had become established. The plantation had, however, still fallen short of one of James’s ultimate aims. The Reformation and Protestantism had shown little hope of taking root in Ireland, at least not in the way that he had hoped for. Indeed, Scots Presbyterianism was having the opposite effect to a large extent, creating stronger divisions rather than promoting a fundamental change of religious bias. The 1630s saw a series of national incidents which created tension and growing discontent. Native Irish indebtedness to the settlers, centralised government, failed harvests and an increasingly poor economy had their inevitable negative effect on the bulk of the native populace. 1 The decade not only witnessed growing frustration in Ireland, but across the three Stuart kingdoms, a series of events that would unleash an unprecedented war across the British Isles.
eBook - PDFThe Dynamiters
Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World, 1867–1900
- Niall Whelehan(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
Ireland and the post-1848 revolutionary world 30 The United Irishmen rebellion in 1798 – the result of an alliance between a mainly Catholic agrarian secret society called the Defenders and a non-denominational middle-class leadership – was marked by gruesome brutality on both sides and resulted in the deaths of some 30,000 people. The rebellion in the south-east corner of the island alone has been referred to as ‘the single most destructive war in Irish history, in relative terms’. Aware of the United Irishmen’s plans for insurrec- tion thanks to a robust network of spies, the government were ready to tighten the lid on unrest. Powered by the Insurrection Act the regu- lar army, a yeomanry corps and paid militias crushed the rebellion. 9 In 1803, Robert Emmet’s abortive uprising in Dublin was effectively smothered by official forces and would perhaps have been forgotten were it not for Emmet’s oratorical performance in court before his exe- cution. 10 The overriding consequence of the 1798 rebellion was the Act of Union, which in 1801 established the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and dissolved the Irish parliament. One hundred Irish ministers now travelled to Westminster, but an unelected execu- tive administration remained in Dublin Castle. A predictable result of failed insurrection was to question the efficacy of violence as an agent of political change, and in the first half of the century Daniel O’Connell pursued parliamentary reform before violent upheaval. His movement for Catholic emancipation and organisation of ‘monster meetings’ in favour of the repeal of the Act of Union were non-violent affairs. A crucial moment came in 1843, when Robert Peel banned what was intended to be the largest ever monster meeting on the day before it was due to take place at Clontarf.
- Ilaria Favretto, Xabier Itcaina, Ilaria Favretto, Xabier Itcaina(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
It is hoped this chapter will deepen our under- standing of resistance repertoires not only in the 1918–21 period, but also both before and after the Irish Revolution. IRISH RURAL RESISTANCE: ‘AGRARIANISM’ DURING THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY As a case study, Ireland does not fit neatly into a colonial framework. The British conquest of Gaelic Ireland was begun by the Normans in the twelfth century and completed roughly four hundred years later. About 90 per cent of land owned by Catholics was ultimately redistributed into massive estates held by the Anglo-Protestant gentry, who financed lavish lifestyles from rental income paid largely by impoverished Catholic ten- ant farmers. The 1803 Act of Union brought Ireland into the United Kingdom alongside England, Scotland and Wales. Ireland received rep- resentation in the British parliament, but was still largely governed by an unelected executive, mixing parliamentary democracy with colonial administration. Ireland’s population was about 75 per cent Catholic, with a majority of the Protestants residing in the northeast province of Ulster. In the rest of Ireland, however, the political and economic elite was strongly Protestant and retained an Anglo cultural identity that dif- ferentiated it from the peasant population, which was Catholic by reli- gion and Gaelic by cultural tradition and language (the Irish language fell into rapid decline in the second half of the nineteenth century). Much of the Catholic population supported Irish self-government, despite decisive British defeats of nationalist uprisings, such as the bloody 1798 Rebellion. Recognising the futility of further armed conflict against a powerful state, a new generation of Irish nationalist and land reformers sought alternative modes of resistance in the nineteenth century. Collective action by peasant communities against government repre- sentatives, landlords and their agents was relatively common.
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