Lung Cancer

11 Key excerpts on "Lung Cancer"

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  eBook - ePub

  A History of Lung Cancer

  The Recalcitrant Disease

  • C. Timmermann(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Palgrave Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  4

  Science, Medicine and Politics: Lung Cancer and Smoking, circa 1945 to 1965

  By the 1940s, as I have argued in the previous chapter, surgery of the lungs was turning into routine, not only for tuberculosis but also for Lung Cancer. Meanwhile there were signs that the status of Lung Cancer was changing radically. Lung Cancer was about to turn from a chest disease, whose significance in public health terms was relatively marginal, into a major cancer, and the only one whose main cause was known. The historian Matthew Hilton writes in his book on Smoking in British Popular Culture that ‘the damage done to health through smoking has increasingly come to dominate the meaning of tobacco’.1 It is important for the argument of this book that, in turn, the meaning of Lung Cancer has also come to be dominated by its link with smoking. This was a turning point, making Lung Cancer essentially different from other malignant diseases.

  The process that led to today’s more or less universal recognition of the association between smoking and Lung Cancer was long and drawn-out. It involved the application of new epidemiological methods and statistical tools suitable for research on chronic disease, and of a new concept, that of the risk factor.2 Cigarettes did not kill every smoker, and when confronted with the bad news, there was always somebody to whom people could point, who had smoked heavily and lived until 70, 80 or 90. Not everybody indulging in the habit developed Lung Cancer, and for those who did, the process took decades. This long latency period made it difficult to convince people of the link between tobacco and Lung Cancer. By the 1950s, as we will see in this chapter, there was good evidence that this link existed, evidence that in other contexts would have been considered conclusive. But smoking was a habit in which up to 80 percent of British men indulged (including nearly 90 percent of male doctors over 353 ), which was served by a powerful industry, and which provided significant contributions to government coffers by way of a tax that was easily collected.4 To the Treasury, the income from this source amounted to a good 600 to 650 million pounds per annum in the 1950s (more than 15 percent of central government revenue). The economist Harvey Cole estimated that by 1963 the receipts out of tobacco duties – by then more than 900 million pounds – were enough to meet the combined Central Government expenditure on roads and health, or on education.5 ‘This dependence of the Government on revenue from tobacco’, he suggested, ‘is the central economic fact about the commodity’.6

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  Geology Of The Modern Cancer Epidemic, The: Through The Lens Of Chinese Medicine

  Through the Lens of Chinese Medicine

  • Tai Lahans(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • World Scientific

    (Publisher)

  75 CHAPTER 2 Air — Lung Cancer The lesser physician treats and protects the physical form while the superior physician protects and treats the spirit. — from the Ling Shu: Jiu Shen Shi Er Yuan Introduction Epidemiology and History Currently there are only two cancers whose incidence is decreasing in the United States: lung and cervical. 1 Cervical cancer incidence has been steadily decreasing in the developed world because of the PAP smear, which finds preinvasive CINs (cervical intraepithelial neoplasms), allowing very early interventions. 2 In the developing world, where there are limited public health delivery systems, cervi-cal cancer is a major health problem and is ranked third in mortality for women. 3 Lung Cancer incidence has decreased in the US because a grassroots-driven governmental attack on smoking, smoking in public places, and advertising targeting young people has lowered the number of people who smoke. However, Lung Cancer continues to kill more people than all other cancers combined worldwide. 4 The number of people who die from smoking-related deaths other than cancer compounds this data. In other parts of the world the rates of Lung Cancer are increasing. In fact, American tobacco growers now export a large portion of their crop to Asia and Southeast Asia. 5 The main risk factor for Lung Cancer is smoking. Tobacco use is considered a risk factor for many other cancers, including esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, cervical, mouth, bladder, ureter, renal, laryngeal 76 Geology of Modern Cancer Epidemic and pharyngeal cancers, and leukemia. 6 Smoking-related diseases are reversible much more rapidly after quitting smoking, 7 and cardiovascular disease (a smoking-related disease) in the developed world remains the main killing disease, with cancer running a close second.

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  ABC of Lung Cancer

  • Ian Hunt, Martin M. Muers, Tom Treasure, Ian Hunt, Martin M. Muers, Tom Treasure(Authors)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • BMJ Books

    (Publisher)

  1 ABC of Lung Cancer. Edited by I. Hunt, M. Muers and T. Treasure. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, ISBN: 978-1-4051-4652-4. CHAPTER 1 Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Prevention Martin Muers, Ian Hunt and Jesme Fox Epidemiology shows that Lung Cancer is a serious disease, associ-ated with a significant health burden in the UK and in much of the Western world. It is also likely to have a major impact in the developing world, particularly in countries like China where smok-ing, the number one risk factor for Lung Cancer, remains unaffected by changes in legislation such as those seen in the USA and Europe (Figure 1.1). Epidemiological trends The UK perspective In the UK, Lung Cancer accounts for 6% of all deaths and roughly one in five of all cancer deaths. Around 38,000 cases are diag-nosed, and approximately 33,500 people will die each year. That is more than the number of deaths from breast and bowel cancer combined. Indeed, more women die from Lung Cancer than breast cancer. Furthermore, only 25% of patients survive the first year following diagnosis, and the five-year survival rate has remained virtually unchanged for 30 years at approximately 7%. However, with changing perceptions of smoking in the UK there has been a large reduction in smoking amongst men in the last 50 years, from a peak national consumption of about 12 cigarettes per male per day in 1945 to 4.6 per day by 1992. The incidence of Lung Cancer in men has declined correspondingly; from 80–120 per 100,000 in 1962 to 70–100 per 100,000 by 2002 (Figures 1.2 and 1.3). In men at least, the UK incidence rates are comparable to many other European countries. By contrast, Lung Cancer death rates in women are not yet falling universally across all age cohorts, as their peak tobacco consumption occurred in 1974. Consumption has now fallen by about 50%, but as corresponding Lung Cancer mortality rates lag behind changes in smoking habits the mortality rate amongst women continues to rise (Figure 1.3).

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  Lung Cancer Therapy Annual 7

  • Rolf A. Stahel(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Menghua Tao and Paolo Boffetta INTRODUCTION The history of Lung Cancer epidemiology parallels the history of modern chronic disease epidemiology. Although an excess of Lung Cancer was first observed among miners and some other occupational groups in the 19th century, an epidemic increase in Lung Cancer began in the first half of the 20th century, with much speculation and controversy about its possible environmental causes. Later, Lung Cancer became a milestone in epidemiology when its predominant cause, tobacco smoking, was established in a series of landmark stud-ies beginning in 1950. This chapter on the epidemiology of Lung Cancer will discuss the recent trends in Lung Cancer incidence and briefly review the current topics that have been widely discussed at meetings and in the literature: Lung Cancer in never-smokers, gender differences in the incidence of Lung Cancer, whether screen-ing with low-dose computed tomography (CT) should be recommended, and the small but important improvements in survival among Lung Cancer patients. We also will present a summary of known risk factors of Lung Cancer. INCIDENCE Lung Cancer has been the most common cancer in the world for several decades. According to the most recent statistics GLOBOCAN 2008, estimating the occurrence of cancer worldwide for the year 2008, 1,092,000 men and 516, 000 women were diagnosed with Lung Cancer, representing 12.7% of all new cancer cases. 1 There are now fewer Lung Cancer cases in more developed regions (Northern America, Japan, Europe, and Australia/ New Zealand) than in less developed regions of the world (rest of the world), corresponding to 16.2% or 479,000 of all cancers in males in the developed countries and 16.8% or 612,000 in developing countries. 1 Corresponding percentages for women were 9.4% and 7.9%.

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  Common Cancer Types

  Breast, Lung and Blood

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • College Publishing House

    (Publisher)

  ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 5 Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Cross section of a human lung. The white area in the upper lobe is cancer; the black areas are discoloration due to smoking. ICD-10 C33.-C34. ICD-9 162 DiseasesDB 7616 MedlinePlus 007194 eMedicine med/1333 med/1336 emerg/335 radio/807 radio/405 radio/406 MeSH D002283 ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary Lung Cancers are carcinomas, derived from epithelial cells. Lung Cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, as of 2004. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including cough-ing up blood), and weight loss. The main types of Lung Cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma . This distinction is important, because the treatment varies; non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is sometimes treated with surgery, while small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiation. The most common cause of Lung Cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of Lung Cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution including secondhand smoke. Lung Cancer may be seen on chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT scan). The diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. This is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend upon the histological type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the patient's performance status. Possible treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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  Spencer's Pathology of the Lung

  • Philip Hasleton, Douglas B. Flieder(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 24 Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Lung Cancer Erik Thunnissen, Michael Unger and Douglas B. Flieder Introduction Lung Cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world; over 1.3 million worldwide deaths were recorded in 2008. 1 These statistics are astounding given the rarity of Lung Cancer during the first half of the twentieth century, when Lung Cancer had a lower incidence than liver, prostate, colon, stomach, uterine, breast and even ovarian cancer. Only a sound under- standing of the complex epidemiological, etiological, and molecular-pathological aspects of lung carcinoma will enable clinical and scientific progress against this deadly disease, regardless of technological advances. This chapter aims to elucidate the epidemiological, etiological and clinical aspects of Lung Cancer. Epidemiology Incidence and mortality Lung Cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer in the world. Estimated numbers of Lung Cancer cases worldwide increased 51% since 1985. 1 The incidence information is collected routinely by cancer registries and expressed as an absolute number of cases per year or as a rate per 100 000 persons per year. The latter provides an approximation of the average risk of developing a cancer. Excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, approximately 7.5 million people died of cancer worldwide in 2008. 2 Of these deaths 1.37 million were Lung Cancer deaths (20%). The worldwide incidence of lung carcin- oma in 2008 reached 1 608 823 cases, representing 12.7% of newly diagnosed cancer cases. 1,3 Lung Cancer gender distribution is 68% males and 32% females. An age-standardized rate (ASR) is a summary meas- ure of a rate that a population would have if it had a standard age structure. Standardization is necessary when comparing several populations that differ with respect to age. This is because age has such a powerful influence on the risk of cancer. The ASRs are 34 and 13.5 new cases per 100 000 males and females, respectively.

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  Respiratory Epidemiology

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • European Respiratory Society

    (Publisher)

  The current classification system can be summarised into three main histological patterns: 1) small cell carcinoma, 2) large cell carcinoma, and 3) nonsmall cell lung carcinomas, including either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma and their histological subtypes. Lung Cancer has a very high incidence and mortality rate worldwide but it is also the most avoidable of all cancers, as over 80% of cases are attributed to cigarette smoking. Lung Cancer was a rare diagnosis in the 19th century, but it started to increase in the first two decades of the 20th century. Thereafter, its incidence and mortality have steadily increased as the result of spreading of smoking throughout the world. Thus, in the past 100 years, Lung Cancer has shifted from a rare disease into a global public health problem. At the beginning of the 20th century, the malignancy was recognised as primary carcinoma of the lung [6, 7]. In the 1930s, with the increasing incidence of Lung Cancer in the general population, its pathogenesis was reviewed and it was concluded that cigarette smoke was the causative agent of Lung Cancer [8]. Thereafter, D OLL and H ILL [9] described mounting evidence that Lung Cancer was associated with cigarette smoking, and subsequently the Royal College of Physicians in the UK and the Surgeon General of the USA firmly established its causal relationship with smoking [10, 11]. Although the epidemiology of Lung Cancer has been extensively investigated in the last six decades, there is still substantial interest in this field, with special efforts aimed at identifying aspects that may be relevant to prevention and early diagnosis and to the recognition of pathogenic noxae different from tobacco smoking. Thus, several studies have been carried out to investigate the genetic susceptibility to Lung Cancer or its association to diet and a number of other risk factors, including indoor air pollution from biomass, gas cooking or house heating.

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  Introduction to Pulmonology, An

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Research World

    (Publisher)

  ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 12 Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Cross section of a human lung. The white area in the upper lobe is cancer; the black areas are discoloration due to smoking. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ ICD-10 C33.-C34. ICD-9 162 DiseasesDB 7616 MedlinePlus 007194 eMedicine med/1333 med/1336 emerg/335 radio/807 radio/405 radio/406 MeSH D002283 Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary Lung Cancers are carcinomas, derived from epithelial cells. Lung Cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, as of 2004. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss. The main types of Lung Cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma . This distinction is important, because the treatment varies; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is sometimes treated with surgery, while small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiation. The most common cause of Lung Cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of Lung Cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution including secondhand smoke. Lung Cancer may be seen on chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT scan). The diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. This is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend upon the histological type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the patient's performance status. Possible treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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  Pulmonology and Respiratory Diseases

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • College Publishing House

    (Publisher)

  ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 14 Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Cross section of a human lung. The white area in the upper lobe is cancer; the black areas are discoloration due to smoking. ICD-10 C33.-C34. ICD-9 162 DiseasesDB 7616 MedlinePlus 007194 eMedicine med/1333 med/1336 emerg/335 radio/807 radio/405 radio/406 MeSH D002283 ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary Lung Cancers are carcinomas, derived from epithelial cells. Lung Cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, as of 2004. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss. The main types of Lung Cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma . This distinction is important, because the treatment varies; non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is sometimes treated with surgery, while small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiation. The most common cause of Lung Cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of Lung Cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution including secondhand smoke. Lung Cancer may be seen on chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT scan). The diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. This is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend upon the histological type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the patient's performance status. Possible treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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  Surgical Oncology

  • David Krag(Author)
  • 2000(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  C hapter 12 Lung Cancer 2000 Frederic W. Grannis Jr. Scope of Problem: Incidence and Mortality Lung Cancer (LC ) is the m ost im portant unsolved problem in surgical oncology. 1 8 0 ,0 0 0 Americans will develop L C in the year 2 0 0 0 ; 1 6 0 ,0 0 0 will die. Treatm ent o f the disease has limited effectiveness; only 14% o f patients attain five-year sur vival. L C is the num ber one cause o f cancer m ortality in the U .S. in both men and wom en. L C is also the main cause o f cancer m ortality in W estern Europe, and its incidence is rapidly increasing in Third W orld nations. Global annual m ortality will exceed three million during the next century. There has been very little improve m ent in survival during the past 2 0 years. L C is unique in that its cause is known. It is theoretically preventable, by the single measure o f prim ary prevention o f cigarette smoking. Unfortunately, the issue is com plicated by the fact that the etiologic agent is highly addictive, and is aggres sively marketed by a rich and deeply entrenched industry, which is protected by powerful legal and political allies. Furtherm ore, it is a grim joke that our government actually taxes the victims and their physicians to provide subsidies o f many millions o f dollars to those who grow the etiologic agent (Fig. 12.1)! There are currently 1.1 billion cigarette smokers on earth. In the U .S. there are approximately 50 million smokers and another 50 million ex-smokers, who are at risk. Smoking cessation (SC) interventions therefore represent another potential strategy to reduce m ortal ity, but current smoking cessation therapy, including group counseling, nicotine replacement and bupropion, have only modest success, and are not widely applied. The risk o f L C is approximately 2 .5 % per decade in smokers. Risk diminishes by half after ten years o f abstinence, but probably never returns to that o f a never- smoker.

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  Thoracic Malignancies

  • (Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • European Respiratory Society

    (Publisher)

  Chest 2007; 132: Suppl. 3, 29S–55S. 2. White C. Research on smoking and Lung Cancer: a landmark in the history of chronic disease epidemiology. Yale J Biol Med 1990; 63: 29–46. 3. Doll R, Hill AB. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report. Br Med J 1954; 1: 1451–1455. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF Lung Cancer AND MESOTHELIOMA 377 4. Doll R, Hill AB. Lung Cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking: a second report on the mortality of British doctors. Br Med J 1956; 2: 1071–1081. 5. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on Lung Cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 675–690. 6. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC monograph 83. Lyon, IARC, 2004. 7. US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Effects of Active Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 2004. 8. Rosen G. A History of Public Health. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. 9. US Dept of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking. 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1989. 10. Proctor RN. The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999. 11. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung: preliminary report. Br Med J 1950; 2: 739– 748. 12. Levin ML, Goldstein H, Gerhardt PR. Cancer and tobacco smoking. A preliminary report. JAMA 1950; 143: 336–338. 13. Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of 684 proved cases. JAMA 1950; 143: 329–336. 14. US Dept of Health Education and Welfare (DHEW). Smoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 1103 Edn. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1964.

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