Smoking DIseases

7 Key excerpts on "Smoking DIseases"

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  eBook - ePub

  Cigarette Smoke Toxicity

  Linking Individual Chemicals to Human Diseases

  • David Bernhard(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-VCH

    (Publisher)

  MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. , 46, 1217–1220.

  128 Shields, P.G. (2002) Molecular epidemiology of smoking and lung cancer. Oncogene , 21 (45), 6870–6876.

  129 Shields, P.G. (1999) Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer. Anal. Oncol , 10 (Suppl 5), S7–11.

  130 Wingo, P.A., Lynn, A.G., Giovino, G.A., Miller, D.S., Rosenberg, H.M., Shopland, D.R., Yhun, M.J., and Edwards, B.K. (1999) Annual report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 91 (8), 675–690.

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  9 Smoking and COPD and Other Respiratory Diseases Thomas E. Sussan and Shyam Biswal

  9.1 Introduction

  Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 different chemicals, many of which are harmful to human health. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to many diseases throughout the body, particularly in the lungs, which are most directly affected by smoking. The most prominent disease that has been associated with smoking is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD, which is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the United States [1], is defined as progressive airflow limitation that is not reversible. It affects over 10 million American adults [2] and consists primarily of two distinct disease processes: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

  Emphysema is characterized by persistent inflammation, irreversible destruction of the alveoli, decreased elastic recoil of the lungs, and impaired lung function (Figure 9.1 ). Chronic bronchitis is associated with excessive mucus production and inflammation in the upper airways. The majority of patients with COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

  Figure 9.1

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  The Tobacco Epidemic

  • R. Loddenkemper, M. Kreuter, R., Loddenkemper, M., Kreuter, J. J. F. Herth, F.J.F., Herth(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • S. Karger

    (Publisher)

  The health consequences of various tobacco products differ to some extent, but all possess malignant potential. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Recent Developments There have been dramatic advances in our understanding of COPD in the last 2 decades. Perhaps the most important is the recognition that COPD is a complex, multisystem, multicomponent disease, not just a single organ disease of the lungs [ 21 ]. This change in focus is important as it affects diagnosis and management. The defining feature of COPD in the past was that it causes airflow obstruction or airflow limitation, and is best identified and quantified by the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1). As our understanding of COPD deepens, better tools to identify and quantify COPD are emerging to help clinicians manage patients with COPD better. Many risk factors are now known to play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, but cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco remain the most common cause of this increasingly prevalent condition. Definitions Along with changes in our understanding of COPD have come changes in the definition and in our recommendation of which diseases should be included in the term ‘COPD’. The current definition of COPD that is used most widely is the definition recommended by the Global Initiative on Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [ 21 ], which has undergone several revisions since GOLD started in 2002. The major changes that have been introduced are to stress that COPD is a preventable and treatable disease and that COPD encompasses a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response. GOLD defines COPD as: ‘a common preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases

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  Environmental Policy and Public Health

  Air Pollution, Global Climate Change, and Wilderness

  • William N. Rom(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Jossey-Bass

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 5 Environmental Tobacco Smoke

  Learning Objectives

  • To understand the historical study of smoking and its link to disease
  • To become familiar with the modern scientific findings on the relation between smoking and disease
  • To comprehend the health effects of passive smoking and secondhand smoke
  • To become familiar with how people can effectively quit smoking
  • To understand attempts to regulate smoking and the outlook of smoking in today's world

  Cigarette smoking and other tobacco use is a global problem, yet it is one of the most preventable causes of premature deaths in our society. Cigarette smoking accounts for 443,000 deaths annually and $193 billion in health-related economic losses. The three major adult diseases and causes of death are lung cancer (160,000 deaths), ischemic heart disease (82,000), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (95,000). Cigarette smoking accounts for 30% of all deaths from cancer in the United States and is a major risk factor for cancer of the lungs, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Also, cigarette smoking is causally related to cancers of the bladder, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, and acute myeloid leukemia. On average, male smokers lose 13.2 years of life expectancy, and female smokers lose 14.5 years. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults in the United States declined from 42.0% in 1965 to 19.9% in 2007 (43.4 million people), with a higher rate among men (23.9%) than among women (18.1%). However, the percentage of Americans who smoke has begun to creep up again, to 20.6 percent in 2008. The prevalence of cigarette smoking varies from a high of 31% in Kentucky to a low of 13% in Utah, since the Mormon Church proscribes tobacco smoking. There are 8.6 million people who suffer from serious tobacco-induced illnesses. Approximately 44% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States are used by individuals who have comorbid psychiatric or substance abuse disorders. Globally, an estimated 4.83 million deaths were caused by cigarette smoking in 2000, and this may rise to 10 million deaths annually by 2020. There are one billion men who smoke and 250 million women who smoke globally; 70% of men in China smoke. The national public health objective of <12% prevalence cigarette smoking by 2010 has not been reached; subgroups <12% include Hispanic and Asian women, men and women with graduate degrees, and men and women >65 years of age.

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  Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse

  • John Brick(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 13 Health Effects of Tobacco, Nicotine, and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Pollution Jonathan Foulds Cristine Delnevo Douglas M. Ziedonis Michael B. Steinberg Introduction and Overview

  This chapter reviews the medical consequences of tobacco and nicotine use. This chapter focuses on the effects of chronic cigarette smoking (the most prevalent type of nicotine use) on specific diseases and overall mortality. It also discusses the effects of different types of tobacco, evidence for dose-response effects, the effects of reduction and cessation of cigarette use, the effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoke, and the psychiatric effects of tobacco use.

  The Nature and History of Tobacco Use

  Tobacco use has been known since around the first century BC when Native Americans used it for ceremonial purposes, and was widespread in the American continent when Europeans first arrived there in the fifteenth century. However, it was the invention of the cigarette making machine and subsequently the mass manufacture and distribution of machine-made cigarettes that led to the massive rise in cigarette smoking as the predominant form of nicotine consumption at the end of the nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century. During the 1990s approximately one billion people (47 percent of all adult men and 12 percent of all adult women in the world) were daily smokers (Collishaw and Lopez, 1996).

  Part of the reason for the slowness of many countries to react to the “tobacco epidemic” is that for many tobacco-caused diseases there is a 30-year lag between the increase in smoking prevalence and the increase in deaths from smoking-caused diseases (e.g., lung cancer). This delayed effect means that for some decades after an increase in national smoking prevalence it is possible to have high smoking prevalence but low (if increasing) smoking-caused death rates. Figure 13.1 describes the recognized stages in the epidemic of smoking-caused deaths that follow the increase in smoking rates in a country, and also indicates examples of countries at each stage at the end of the twentieth century.

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  Clinical Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • Stephen I. Rennard, Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, Gerard Huchon, Nicolas Roche(Authors)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3 The Relationship of Tobacco Smoking to COPD: Histopathogenesis JAMES C. HOGG Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, McDonald Research Laboratories, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada I. Introduction The lungs of a 60-year-old person with a 40-pack-year smoking history starting at age 20 will have inhaled the smoke generated from approximately 290,000 cigarettes. The dose of inhaled toxic particles and gases received from each of these cigarettes varies with the nature of the tobacco, the size, and number of puffs of smoke drawn from the cigarette. The amount of air added as the smoke is inhaled and local conditions within the lung that determine the diffusion of toxic gases and deposition of particles. Tobacco smoking interferes with the innate defenses of the lung, which includes mucus production and clearance, epithelial barrier, and infiltrating inflammatory immune cells (1,2). This interference increases the opportunity for infection by both increasing the production of mucus and decreasing its clearance from the airways lumen (2,3); disruption of the tight junctions that form the epithelial barrier allows foreign material to enter the sub-epithelium (4,5). This stimulates the infiltration of the damaged tissue by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes as well as natural killer (NK) cells, CD-4, CD-8, and B-cell lymphocytes (6–17). The organization of the lymphocytes into follicles with germinal centers can be demonstrated in about 5% of the smaller airways of smokers with the normal lung function (15) and this rises to 20% to 30% of airways in the later stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (15–17). The formation of these follicles provides anatomic evidence for the presence of an adaptive immune response to foreign antigen, but the source of antigen that drives this sharp increase in the adaptive immune response in GOLD-3 and GOLD-4 COPD is unknown.

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  The Health Psychology Handbook

  Practical Issues for the Behavioral Medicine Specialist

  • Lee M. Cohen, Dennis E. McChargue, Frank L. Collins, Lee M. Cohen, Dennis E. McChargue, Frank L. Collins(Authors)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications, Inc

    (Publisher)

  C H A P T E R 5 The Etiology and Treatment of Nicotine Dependence A Biopsychosocial Perspective LEE M . COHEN, DENNIS E . MCCHARGUE, MONICA CORTEZ-GARLAND, ERIC H . PRENSKY, AND SADIE EMERY C hronic use of tobacco-containing products, particularly cigarettes, remains one of the most avoidable causes of death and illness in the United States and claims the lives of more than 4 3 0 , 0 0 0 indi-viduals each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999). The number of tobacco-related deaths alone exceeds that of deaths due to AIDS, murders, other drugs, alcohol, car crashes, fires, and sui-cides combined (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Illnesses associ-ated with tobacco use include, but are not limited to, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, obstructive pulmonary dis-ease, cardiovascular disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight (DHHS, 1999). Evidence of significant health risks due to environmental tobacco smoke has also been documented. Adverse health risks caused by exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke include lung cancer, asthma, respiratory infections, and decreased pulmonary function (DHHS, 1999). Despite public health efforts to reduce tobacco use in the United States, adult prevalence rates have not changed signifi-cantly, and in some cases increases were observed during the 1990s (CDC, 2002). For example, the overall rate of adult cigarette smokers has decreased slightly from 2 5 . 0 % to 2 3 . 3 % across all age groups except that of 18-to 24-year-olds (CDC, 2002), whereas the use of smokeless (spit) tobacco and cigars has increased substantially (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997). T o date, 65.5 million Americans continue to use tobacco products on a regular basis (CDC, 2002) and appear to be more difficult to treat than their counter-parts of the 1970s and 1980s (Irvin & Brandon, 2000).

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  Smoking Concerns Sourcebook, 2nd Ed.

  • Angela Williams(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Omnigraphics

    (Publisher)

  The effects of smoking on how the liver handles medications also disappear when a person stops smoking. However, people who stop smoking continue to have a higher risk of some digestive diseases, such as colon polyps and pancreatitis, than people who have never smoked. Quitting smoking can improve the symptoms of some digestive diseases or keep them from getting worse. For example, people with Crohn disease who quit smoking have less severe symptoms than smokers with the disease. Eating, Diet, and Nutrition Eating, diet, and nutrition can play a role in causing, preventing, and treating some of the diseases and disorders of the digestive system that are affected by smoking, including heartburn and GERD, liver diseases, Crohn disease, colon polyps, pancreatitis, and gallstones. 267 Smoking and Other Specific Health Consequences Section 20.4 Smoking and Bone Health This section includes text excerpted from Smoking and Bone Health,” NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases—National Resource Center (NIH ORBD—NRC), May 2016. Many of the health problems caused by tobacco use are well known. Cigarette smoking causes heart disease, lung and esophageal cancer, and chronic lung disease. Additionally, several research studies have identified smoking as a risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fracture. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 16 million Americans are living with a disease caused by smoking. Facts about Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones weaken and are more likely to fracture. Fractures from osteoporosis can result in pain and disability. In the United States, more than 53 million people either already have osteoporosis or are at high risk due to low bone mass.

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