Cardiovascular Disease

8 Key excerpts on "Cardiovascular Disease"

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  RNA and life threatening diseases

  • Esha Rami(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Cardiovascular Disease 5 CONTENTS 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 118 5.2 Topology of Disease ......................................................................... 118 5.3 Disease Burden................................................................................ 121 5.4 Future of Disease ............................................................................. 129 5.5 Cardiovascular Research .................................................................. 130 5.6 Typology of Research ....................................................................... 133 5.7 High Profile Research ...................................................................... 136 5.8 Future Research Agenda .................................................................. 137 References ............................................................................................. 139 CHAPTER RNA and Life Threatening Diseases 118 5.1 INTRODUCTION The term “Cardiovascular Disease” (also known as “heart disease”) belongs to a collection of conditions that cause the heart muscle, specifically the heart’s blood vessels. The above disease can affect a single portion of one’s heart or multiple portions of someone’s heart as well as your circulatory system. An individual may exhibit symptoms of a disease but may not exhibit any symptoms at all depending on their condition (not feeling everything at all) (Nabel, 2003). Problems with the heart’s arteries of various categories are included in the category of heart problems (Verhaar et al., 2002): • Irregular heartbeats. • Valve dysfunction of the cardiac. • Plaque narrows blood channels inside the cardiac, different organs, and throughout the body. • Heart constricting and difficulty relaxing. • You were born having cardiovascular system vascular issues.

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  Biochips and Medical Imaging

  • Shan Xiang Wang, Adam de la Zerda(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  Biochips and Medical Imaging, First Edition. Adam de la Zerda and Shan Xiang Wang. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart and/or the blood vessels, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. While the term CVD technically applies to any disease affecting the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to conditions related to atherosclerosis (hardening of artery), like arterial disease. CVD is the leading cause of death in the US, surpassing even cancer (Figure 5.1). Examples of CVD include heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. In recent news (2010), two high-profile American figures have been afflicted with CVD: US diplomat Richard Holbrooke passed away from a torn aorta, despite 20 hours of surgery, and former President Bill Clinton was hospital- ized due to blockage in one of his quadruple bypass channels, and had two stents installed. CVD imposes a significant burden on the US: for example, in 2006, CVD caused 831 thousand deaths compared to 560 thousand deaths from cancer. Fortunately, the survival rate of CVD patients in the US has improved significantly in recent decades, largely due to improvements in diagnostic, treatment, and prevention techniques (Figure 5.2). However, CVD is an emerging problem in developing countries including China and India. There are several important concepts that are commonly used in CVD, cancer, and other disease statistics. Mortality is the total number of deaths from a given disease in a population during a specific interval of time (usually a year). If normalized by the population, it is called the mortality rate or death rate. Prevalence is the total number of cases of a given disease exist- ing in a population at a specific point in time.

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  Fats and Oils in Health and Nutrition

  • Khetarpaul, Neelam(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Daya Publishing House

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 8 Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors It is time to make cardiac health a top priority. If the heart is not working, nothing else works. Life to some extent can remain even without a fully functioning brain, but one cannot survive without a heart. Heart is a leading cause of death and is one of the most preventable too. Cardiovascular Disease claim 17 million lives worldwide annually. It is the single greatest killer and takes more lives than the next seven leading causes of death put together. Heart diseases or disorders are surprisingly high in new borns and then it usually strikes when we have spent two thirds of our lives. However, heart disease often begins in childhood. What Is ‘Heart Disease’, or ‘Coronary Heart Disease’? Heart disease refers to more than 30 cardiovascular conditions. The heart muscle is living and needs food and oxygen to survive. There are arteries within the heart muscle which supply the food and oxygen to the heart muscle. These arteries are known as coronary arteries. When one or more of these arteries in the heart get narrowed, or partially blocked, then it leads to Coronary Artery Disease. When one or more of these arteries get blocked then some part of the heart muscle does not get food and oxygen. This condition is called a heart attack or infarction. The term, coronary artery disease is used for problems which include angina, heart attack, and heart failure. Among Cardiovascular Diseases, those resulting from thromboembolic complications such as coronary occlusion, infarction, and stroke are the main cause of death and disability. Atherosclerosis This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. The root cause of most cases of coronary artery disease or Cardiovascular Disease is atherosclerosis i.e. a buildup of atheroma–a fatty deposit within the inside lining of arteries.

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  Nutrition for Health and Health Care

  • Linda DeBruyne, Kathryn Pinna(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  1 Although many people assume that heart conditions are men’s diseases, death rates from CVD are similar in men and women. Furthermore, CVD is a global health issue; it is the leading cause of death worldwide. 2 Figure 21-1 shows the percentages of deaths in the United States resulting from the various types of CVD. The most common form of CVD is coronary heart disease (CHD) , which is usually caused by atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries that supply blood to heart muscle. If ath-erosclerosis restricts blood flow in these arteries, the resulting deprivation of oxygen and nutri-ents can destroy heart tissue and cause a myocardial infarction —a heart attack . When the blood supply to brain tissue is blocked, a stroke occurs. Both heart attack and stroke may result in disable-ment or death. Box 21-1 defines common terms related to CVD. FIGURE 21-1 Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States 9% Heart failure 17% Stroke 17% Other 45% Coronary heart disease 3% Diseases of the arteries 9% High blood pressure Source: E. Benjamin and coauthors, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2017 update: A report from the American Heart Association, Circulation 135 (2017): e146–e603. aneurysm (AN-you-rih-zum): an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) caused by weakness in the blood vessel wall. angina (an-JYE-nah or AN-ji-nah) pectoris: a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region. The pain often radiates to the left shoulder, arms, neck, back, or jaw. atherosclerosis (ATH-er-oh-scler-OH-sis): an arterial disease characterized by a buildup of lipids and fibrous scar tissue on the inner walls of arteries. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

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  The Complete Guide to Teaching Exercise to Special Populations

  • Morc Coulson(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Bloomsbury Sport

    (Publisher)

  TEACHING EXERCISE TO SPECIAL POPULATIONS 142 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Coronary heart disease (CHD) Angina and myocardial infarction (MI) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Figure 12.1 Common terms related to heart disease WHAT IS IT? There are many terms that are used, often incorrectly, when referring to any particular form of heart disease. Fig 12.1 shows how the most commonly used terms relate to one another. Even though there are slight differences between the terms, they are often used interchangeably by individuals to mean the same thing. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the umbrella term for a range of conditions that can affect the heart and the network of veins and arteries that transport blood around the body. Any type of CVD can have detrimental effects on an individual’s quality of life. One of the CVD types is that of coronary heart disease (CHD), which is classed as a preventable disease of which there are two subcategories known as ‘angina’ and ‘myocardial infarction’ (MI). The other type of CVD is peripheral vascular disease (PVD), which relates to blockage of the arteries. ANGINA The correct term for this subcategory of CHD is ‘angina pectoris’ (derived loosely from the Greek meaning ‘strangling chest’) and is commonly associated with severe chest pain as it describes symptoms rather than being an actual disease. Angina occurs as a result of a build-up of deposits on the artery walls (known as atherosclerosis), which results in the flow of blood through the narrowed vessel being restricted. If this occurs, the amount of oxygen to tissues being fed by the blocked arteries is reduced (see fig 7.3 on page 96). Angina can be classified as either ‘stable’ or ‘unstable’ depending on the presentation of the condition. If symptoms occur as a result of an increase in activity, and have a predictable pattern, then it is referred to as ‘stable angina’. If symptoms occur for no particular reason then it is referred to as ‘unstable angina’.

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  Frontiers in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery: Volume 6

  • M. Iqbal Choudhary(Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • Bentham Science Publishers

    (Publisher)

  Pathophysiological Links Between Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: at the Biochemical and Molecular Levels

  M.M. Towhidul Islam1

  ,

  Yearul Kabir

  1 , *

  1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

  Abstract

  The cardiovascular system mainly involves blood circulation to transport oxygen, nutrients and metabolic compounds throughout the body. The blood is also used to transport different endocrine hormones (for example, insulin) from the pancreas to various cells in response to blood glucose levels. Unfortunately, any imbalance in glucose and insulin levels may help to develop diabetes mellitus (DM) and increase the risk of developing Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) complications such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Obesity plays a crucial role in developing atherosclerotic plaques and other Cardiovascular Diseases. It is also responsible for the inappropriate secretion of endocrine factors, resulting in metabolic impairment of insulin target tissues and eventually failure of insulin-producing β-cells. It has been found that 65% of diabetic patients develop cardiovascular problems. Therefore, to know the underlying etiological factors, it is essential to study the molecular mechanisms behind cardiovascular complications from diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms and biomarkers of heart disease in diabetes research can bridge the knowledge gap between diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases.

  Keywords: Biomarkers, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Gene, Insulin, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.

  * Corresponding author: Yearul Kabir, PhD; Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; Tel: +8801710327716; E-mail: [email protected]

  INTRODUCTION

  DM and CVD are multifactorial but interrelated non-communicable diseases (NCD) affecting a large population worldwide. Unfortunately, both DM and CVD significantly increase the risk of fatal outcomes like stroke. To prevent these deadly diseases, it is necessary to understand the reasons behind these diseases' exceptional growth in recent times. In this review, we are, therefore, trying to

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  Nutrition for Health and Health Care

  • Linda DeBruyne, Kathryn Pinna(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Gary Wade/Taxi/Getty Images Christine Schneider/Cultura/Getty Images 21.1 Atherosclerosis LO21.1 Identify the potential consequences of atherosclerosis and discuss the factors that contribute to its development. 21.2 Coronary Heart Disease LO21.2 Describe how coronary heart disease risk is evaluated and discuss strategies that can reduce risk or prevent future heart attacks. 21.3 Stroke LO21.3 Describe the different types of stroke, strategies that may prevent a stroke, and elements of treatment and rehabilitation following a stroke. 21.4 Hypertension LO21.4 Summarize the potential effects of hypertension, its risk factors, and current treatment approaches. 21.5 Heart Failure LO21.5 Identify the possible consequences of heart failure and describe the current treatment approaches for this condition. 21.6 Nutrition in Practice: Helping People with Feeding Disabilities LO21.6 Identify disabilities that may impair eating ability and give examples of strategies that may improve feeding skills. Chapter Sections and Learning Objectives (LOs) Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 21 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 584 CHAPTER 21 Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), A GROUP OF DISORDERS INVOLVING the heart and blood vessels, is responsible for approximately 31 percent of deaths in the United States. 1 Although many people assume that heart conditions are men’s diseases, more women than men die from CVD each year. Furthermore, CVD is a global health issue; it is the leading cause of death worldwide.

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  Stress and Your Health

  From Vulnerability to Resilience

  • Hymie Anisman(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Each of the muscle cells that make up the heart has a beat, but because they touch one another and communicate with one another through pores known as gap junctions, these muscle cells beat in sync with one another. If these cells are thrown off so that they don’t beat in unison, heart arrhythmias may occur. Like an orchestra, the natural beat is maintained by following the direction of a conductor or pacemaker that consists of the sinoatrial node. Not only does it make sure that while some cells are pumping others aren’t taking a breather, it modulates the rate of beating based on the needs present at any given moment.

  There’s a lifetime warranty on the heart, and until a certain age, most people don’t think much about its health. The heart just does its thing and they do theirs. At a certain point, however, individuals become aware that they run out of steam more readily, needing to rest more often when they do physical work, or feeling a twinge of angina. If it becomes obvious that things aren’t quite right, we might become obsessed with thoughts about the waning abilities of our heart, and we might regret not having taken better care of it earlier, so that it could take care of us now.

  Coronary artery disease (CAD)

  Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases are the greatest cause of death worldwide, amounting to about 30 percent in most Western countries. Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD), which is the most common heart ailment, essentially reflects diminished blood flow to the heart leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen). Like CAD, several other heart-related disorders, such as hypertensive heart disease, have been associated with stressful experiences, as has the occurrence of stroke. Other forms of heart disease include congestive heart failure, which occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body and organs, and cardiomyopathy, which consists of diseases of the cardiac muscle, as well as inflammatory-based heart problems, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner layer of the heart) and myocarditis (inflammation of the muscle portion of the heart).

  Over many years, the cell layer within coronary arteries that comes into direct contact with blood, referred to as endothelium, may experience a build-up of plaque made up of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and fibrin. With the narrowing of arteries, slight lesions may form within the arterial wall, resulting in immune cells gathering at the site of damage. The ensuing release of cytokines, presumably in an effort to facilitate healing, promotes inflammation that supports further plaque formation over time, favoring the development of atherosclerosis and hence diminishing the flow of oxygen-rich blood. Coronary artery disease is typically diagnosed in men in their fifties or older, and in women somewhat later, usually in their sixties. The illness develops over many years, but symptoms usually don’t appear until the situation is severe and blood flow is fairly restricted. Often, symptoms don’t occur unless individuals are engaged in physical exertion or exercise that increases the need for blood supply to the heart. Other symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue related to exertion, difficulty sleeping flat in bed, nausea, abdominal pain, or swelling of feet and ankles, are needed to convince individuals of the seriousness of their condition even if their coping style is one in which denial predominates. In fact, individuals might only come under scrutiny when they feel chest pains (angina), or if they experience a heart attack (myocardial infarction, MI). The latter may occur under conditions that promote an increase of blood flow, such as the presence of psychogenic or neurogenic stressors, so that a piece of plaque may break off and this embolus or clot may produce a heart attack. A diagnosis of stable CAD is made when blood flow to the heart improves when exercise is stopped, or through medication, such as nitroglycerine, that increases blood supply. As heart disease progresses, ischemia becomes more persistent and lasts longer and the angina becomes unstable, being present even with minimal energy output, and myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death may occur.

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