History
Navigation Systems
Navigation systems have evolved over history to help people find their way across land, sea, and air. Early systems relied on celestial navigation, landmarks, and maps, while modern navigation systems use satellites, GPS, and digital mapping technology to provide accurate and real-time location information. These advancements have greatly improved travel efficiency and safety.
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5 Key excerpts on "Navigation Systems"
eBook - PDFWLAN Positioning Systems
Principles and Applications in Location-Based Services
- Azadeh Kushki, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, Anastasios N. Venetsanopoulos(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
In this chapter, we provide a brief account of the historical development of navigational techniques (Section 1.1). As shown in Figure 1.1, we consider two distinct periods. The first period, termed the Age of Traditional Navigation, refers to the development of navigational techniques developed to facilitate exploration and sea travel before the nineteenth century (Sections 1.2 and 1.3). The second period, termed the Age of Modern Navigation, begins with the advent of wireless communication, which ultimately gave rise to the positioning systems in commercial use today (Section 1.4). 1.1 Origins of navigation The development of navigational science was necessitated by the human need to roam about the world. In ancient times, travel played an important role not only in explo- ration, but also in trade, conquest, and religious and cultural expansions. For example, colonization and the spread and development of the major religions of the world were made possible because of the human ability to move between distant locations. Much of 4 Positioning through the ages Celestial navigation Direction of winds Compass Radar 1900 Landmarks GEE Decca OMEGA 2000 Cellular telephony Global Positioning System Indoor positioning Figure 1.1. Overview of the history of navigation. the world remained unexplored and unmapped during ancient times. As such, effective positioning and wayfinding techniques were needed to guide travel between two points. Clearly, navigation requires knowledge of one’s position as one travels along the path connecting the source and destination of travel. Ancient civilization traveled by land and sea. At this time, navigation was made possible through the use of known landmarks to position oneself. The landmark-based mode of wayfinding was sufficient at the time when sea travel was used primarily for hunting and fishing. However, as time passed, the potential of sea travel for exploration was unlocked.
- Richard C. Dorf(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
12
Navigation Systems
Myron KaytonKayton Engineering Company- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Coordinate Frames
- 12.3 Categories of Navigation
- 12.4 Dead Reckoning
- 12.5 Radio Navigation
- 12.6 Position-Reporting Systems
- 12.7 Celestial Navigation
- 12.8 Map-Matching Navigation
- 12.9 Navigation Software
- 12.10 Design Trade-Offs
- 12.11 Animal Navigation
12.1 Introduction
“Navigation” is the determination of the position and velocity of a moving vehicle, on land, at sea, in the air, or in space. The three components of position and the three components of velocity make up a six-component state vector whose time variation fully describes the translational motion of the vehicle. With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), surveyors use the same sensors as navigators but achieve higher accuracy as a result of longer periods of observation and more complex post-processing.In the usual navigation system, the state vector is derived onboard, displayed to the crew, recorded onboard, or transmitted to the ground. Navigation information is usually sent to other on-board subsystems, for example to the waypoint steering, communication control, display, weapon-control, and electronic warfare (emission detection and jamming) computers. Some Navigation Systems, called position-location systems , measure a vehicle’s state vector using sensors on the ground or in another vehicle (Section 12.6 ). The external sensors usually track passive radar returns or a transponder. Position-location systems usually supply information to a dispatch or control center.Traditionally, ship navigation included the art of pilotage: entering and leaving port, making use of wind and tides, and knowing the coasts and sea conditions. However in modern usage, navigation is confined to the measurement of the state vector. The handling of the vehicle is called conning for ships, flight control for aircraft, and attitude control
eBook - PDFGlobal Positioning
Technologies and Performance
- Nel Samama(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Interscience(Publisher)
They have very often been obliged to carry on their activities alone. I would also like to thank former col- leagues, Marc Franc ¸ois and Julien Caratori, who helped me, a few years ago, start the positioning-related activities at INT. Also important are all the students who have enriched our reflections with their work and valuable exchanges — thanks also to all of you. Last but not least, another special thank you to Dick Taylor, who made many cor- rections to the English of the book — he is certainly the only person who will ever read the book twice! xvii CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Navigation and Positioning In this chapter, we look back at the evolution of geographical positioning, from astronomical navigation of ancient days to today’s satellite systems. Major dates are given together with a description of the fundamental tech- niques. These techniques are essentially still used today. The development phases of modern satellite positioning systems are also provided. As soon as human beings decided to explore new territories, they needed to be able to locate either themselves or their destination. At first, only terrestrial displacements were of concern, and the issue was to be able to come back home. The “come back” function was achieved by using specific “marks” in the landscape that had to be memorized. Quite quickly, because of the possibility of carrying very large loads by sea, maritime transportation became an interesting way of traveling. New needs arose regarding positioning because of the total absence of marks at sea. Thus, navigators had the choice of following the shore, where terrestrial marks were available, or of finding a technique for positioning with no visibility to the shore. This was the starting point of geographical positioning. B 1.1 THE FIRST AGE OF NAVIGATION The origins of navigation are as old as man himself. The oldest traces have been found in Neolithic deposits and in Sumerian tombs, dating back to around 4000 BC.
eBook - PDFTracking Tourists
Movement and Mobility
- Anne Hardy(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Goodfellow Publishers(Publisher)
This is evi-denced through humans’ alignment of buildings such as Stonehenge and the Pyramids relative to celestial constellations (Shoval and Isaacson, 2010; Hofmann-Wellenhoff, Lichtenegger and Collins, 2001). The development of GPS technology could be regarded as a modern extension of this desire. The technology involves a constellation of sat-ellites that communicate with a device on the earth in order to triangu-late the position of the device and deliver information on location and time (McKercher and Lau, 2009). The term Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) refers to these systems. GPS is one of these and was developed by the United States of America. Other systems include the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the European Union’s Galileo system. Despite GNSS being the more accurate term, GPS technology is more commonly used as a generic term that refers to all systems, therefore will be used in this chapter. GPS technology had its genesis in the 1950s and 1960s, following the launch of the first artificial earth satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. Sputnik led to the development of technology that could instantaneously determine precise locations anywhere in the world. Following this, in 1965, TRANSIT systems were developed by the United States military to assist submarines with navigation. TRANSIT used six satellites that orbited at 1100km altitude and allowed for the determination of the exact location of vessels and aircraft. However, the system was limited in its accuracy and ability to provide a continual position. Consequently, in the early 1970s, GPS was developed by the military to overcome these limitations, before being made available to civilians 45 4 Tracking using GPS Technology in the early 1980s (Shoval and Isaacson, 2010; Hofmann-Wellenhoff, Lichtenegger and Collins, 2001). Distance Distance Distance Control station Figure 4.1: How GPS systems work.
eBook - PDF- John Uren, Bill Price(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Bloomsbury Visual Arts(Publisher)
You should also understand the reasons why GPS was originally planned and developed. This section includes the following topics: ● Global Navigation Satellite Systems ● NAVSTAR GPS Global Navigation Satellite Systems Alongside conventional methods of surveying using instruments such as levels, theodolites and total stations, surveyors and engineers now use satellite surveying systems for many routine applications on site. Developed by the USA, the Global Po-sitioning System, or simply GPS, is the predominant satellite surveying system in use at present and this is something that is now familiar to most people. Today, walkers can use a handheld GPS receiver, as shown in Figure 7.1, to locate their position on a chart or map, and motorists can have a dashboard mounted display for this – many different versions of these devices are now available. GPS has found widespread use in aviation, navigation, scientific areas such as weather prediction and oceanogra-phy, and for locating features in Geographic Information Systems. It is used in site surveying for everyday tasks ranging from control surveys and setting out to machine 248 Surveying for engineers Figure 7.1 ● Garmin GPSmap 60C GPS receiver (courtesy Garmin Ltd). control. However, compared to conventional methods of surveying, which rely on the measurement of heights, angles and distances taken by observing with levels, theodolites and total stations, GPS is very different, as a receiver determines and then displays the three-dimensional coordinates at each point surveyed. The GPS equip-ment used when surveying is more sophisticated than a handheld receiver and is usu-ally pole-mounted, as shown in Figure 7.2: these receivers and their software can display coordinates at the centimetre level. Because the use of GPS for positioning in surveying and in many other everyday applications has been so successful, more satellite networks are now in use or are planned.
