Physics
Materials
In physics, materials refer to substances used to construct objects or systems. They can be classified as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites based on their properties and atomic structure. The study of materials involves understanding their behavior under different conditions and their applications in various fields such as engineering, technology, and manufacturing.
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7 Key excerpts on "Materials"
eBook - PDF- Saeed Farrokhpay(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
INTRODUCTION TO Materials CHEMISTRY 1 CONTENTS 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 2 1.2. History of Materials Chemistry ............................................................ 3 1.3. Factors in the Design of New Materials ............................................... 8 1.4. Design of New Materials Through A “Critical Thinking” Method ......... 9 References ............................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER The Fundamentals of Materials Chemistry 2 1.1. INTRODUCTION Life in the 21 st century is increasingly reliant on an almost limitless array of modern Materials. As consumers, it is simple to take for granted the nanoscopic, micro, and macro building pieces that are the foundation of every object ever manufactured. We have become spoilt by technological advancements that make our lives easier, such as digital cell phones, laptop computers, microwave (MW) ovens, and more convenient ways of public transit. We, on the other hand, rarely stop to consider and evaluate the Materials that go into the construction of these modern technical marvels (Heilbron 2003; Klabunde and Richards, 2009; Wright and Sommerdijk, 2018). Material may be described as any solid-state element or technology that has the potential to be employed to meet a present or future societal requirement. Shelter, for example, can be provided by simple building Materials like coatings, wood, nails, and other such items. Other, more subtle Materials, like nanodevices, may not have yet been extensively demonstrated for specific uses, but they will be critical for the demands of our society in the foreseeable future.
- Robert J. Naumann(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
1 Introduction to Materials Science 1.1 What Is Materials Science? Materials science is a multidisciplinary science that has evolved from the combination of a number of specialized fi elds of the metallurgist, the ceramist, the solid-state physicist, the electronic engineer, the polymer chemist, and the biotechnologist in which the common threads that weave these diverse fi elds into a generalized fi eld of study have been recognized. Modern science has transformed what used to be largely an empirical art into a multidisciplinary exact science involving physics, chemistry, various fi elds of engin-eering, and, to some extent, even biology that allows us to begin to understand the behavior of Materials and to manipulate matter at the most fundamental or atomic level. This capability allows Materials scientists to understand a material ’ s properties in terms of its structure, to design material structures to achieve certain properties, and to develop processes to achieve the desired structures. The difference between engineering and science has become increasingly blurred as technology has become more complex. Clearly, today ’ s engineers must have a broad knowledge of science to understand the source of the knowledge they apply and today ’ s scientists must be aware of the practical applications of their scienti fi c quest for knowledge if they wish to guide their research in the most fruitful directions. Although there are still ‘‘ pure ’’ scientists who seek knowledge for knowledge ’ s sake and could care less if it has any application, in today ’ s competition for research funding, it pays to direct one ’ s interest to questions of practical nature. Materials science by its nature is an applied science. Many institutions combine the scienti fi c and engineering aspects and offer degrees in Materials science and engineering.
eBook - ePubMaterials Enabled Designs
The Materials Engineering Perspective to Product Design and Manufacturing
- Michael Pfeifer(Author)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Chapter 4. Material Properties and Materials Science 4.1. Introduction This chapter explains the relationship between a material's properties, composition, and microscopic structures. Brief discussions of the Materials science of different types of Materials are provided. The discussions illustrate some of the many ways that composition and microscopic structures can be manipulated to achieve the desired properties. (Conversely, there are also many ways that the composition and microscopic structures, and resulting properties, can be compromised.) This chapter also provides information about available sources of Materials science and engineering information. Although it is not the purpose of this book to teach Materials science, some degree of knowledge about it is required to understand the relationship between properties, composition, microscopic structures, and manufacturing processes, and to better appreciate the Materials engineering perspective. The Materials science information presented barely scratches the surface of each topic; however, what is here should be sufficient to provoke a healthy respect for the complexity of Materials and the science related to them. The discussions should help dispel the myths that decisions about Materials can be made intuitively and that common Materials are not without their own intricacies. 4.2. Material Properties and Material Features As discussed in the previous chapter, the performance and reliability of a product element depends on the properties of the Materials from which it is made. The properties of any material depend on its various features—composition and microscopic structures. The composition of a material refers to the atomic elements and compounds that make up a material. Different elements, mixtures of elements, and compounds have different properties. The intrinsic properties of any material depend on its composition
eBook - ePub- Sharon Ann Holgate(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Box 4.1 reveals, very carefully chosen Materials are needed to withstand the rigours of containing a plasma in a fusion reactor.FIGURE 4.1 This close-up image shows the “Materials on International Space Station Experiment-8”. Taken during the spacewalk on July 12, 2011, the small circles pictured are test beds for Materials and computing elements attached to the outside of the International Space Station. These elements are being evaluated for the effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet, direct sunlight, radiation, and the extremes of heat and cold. Researchers hope the results will provide a better understanding of the durability of various Materials and computing elements when they are exposed to the rigors of space environments and hope to incorporate what is learned into the design of future spacecraft. (Figure caption text and image © NASA.)In Section 5.3, we will learn about thermal properties such as expansion and thermal conduction, and see how these macroscopic properties affect Materials choice. Electrical conduction and superconductivity are covered in Chapter 6 , including a look at superconductor technology. Optical and piezoelectric properties are discussed in Chapter 7 , while magnetism and its technological applications are explored in Chapter 8 .No matter what other qualities a material requires, its mechanical properties—such as hardness and elasticity—are generally important for any application. This is because Materials are usually subjected to some sort of force during their working lives.In the first section of this chapter, we will see how several of the main mechanical properties are measured and why they are of interest. We will also look at ways in which the mechanical properties of solids can be altered or supplemented for particular applications.
- Donald Askeland, Wendelin Wright, Donald Askeland(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Any engineer can look up Materials properties in a book or search databases for a material that meets design specifications, but the ability to innovate C H A P T E R 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 4 and to incorporate Materials safely in a design is rooted in an understanding of how to manipulate Materials properties and functionality through the control of the material’s structure and processing techniques. The most important aspect of Materials is that they are enabling; Materials make things happen. For example, in the history of civilization, Materials such as stone, iron, and bronze played a key role in mankind’s development. In today’s fast- paced world, the discovery of silicon single crystals and an understanding of their properties have enabled the information age. In this book, we provide compelling examples of real-world applications of engineered Materials. The diversity of applications and the unique uses of Materials illustrate why a good engineer needs to understand and know how to apply the principles of Materials science and engineering. 1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering? Materials science and engineering (MSE) is an interdisciplinary field that studies and manipulates the composition and structure of Materials across length scales to control Materials properties through synthesis and processing. The term composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
- Donald Askeland, Wendelin Wright(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
The term structure means the arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of detail. Materials scientists and engineers not only deal with the development of Materials, but also with the synthesis and processing of Materials and manufacturing processes related to the production of components. The term “synthesis” refers to how Materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals. The term “processing” means how Materials are shaped into useful components to cause changes in the properties of different Materials. One of the most important functions of Materials scientists and engineers is to establish the relationships between a material or a device’s properties and performance and the microstructure of that material, its composition, and the way the material or the device is synthesized and processed. In ma-terials science , the emphasis is on the underlying relationships between the synthesis and processing, structure, and properties of Materials. In Materials engineering , the focus is on how to translate or transform Materials into useful devices or structures. One of the most fascinating aspects of Materials science involves the investigation of a material’s structure. The structure of Materials has a profound influence on many properties of Materials, even if the overall composition does not change! For example, if you take a pure copper wire and bend it repeatedly, the wire not only becomes harder but also becomes increasingly brittle! Eventually, the pure copper wire becomes so hard and brittle that it will break! The electrical resistivity of the wire will also increase as we bend it repeatedly. In this simple example, take note that we did not change the material’s com-position (i.e., its chemical make-up). The changes in the material’s properties are due to a change in its internal structure. If you look at the wire after bending, it will look the same as before; however, its structure has been changed at the microscopic scale.
eBook - ePub- Martin Wenham, Peter Ovens(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
Grouping and classifying Materials gives children valuable opportunities to continue developing their scientific thinking about sameness, similarity and difference. Science has made an impressive contribution to our understanding so much about a huge range of different Materials. Young children gain a sense of this as they observe, measure, sort and classify a wide range of Materials. Plenty of investigative experience of many different sorting activities will enable them to gather the evidence and learn some important scientific ideas.A favourite activity for young children is to sort a collection of interesting things into groups or sets, putting ones that are the same together and talking about what are the similarities and differences. There are several words for what we notice as similar or different, such as: qualities, characteristics or (the term used here) properties .Here is a list of properties that can be attributed to Materials and therefore used as criteria to sort and group them.• Transparent, translucent or opaque see 13.5.3 • Magnetic properties see 12.3 • Electrical conductor or insulator see 10.2 • Thermal conductor or insulator see 9.3.6 • Mechanical properties which are related to the effects of the application of forces: compressibility, hardness, elasticity, plasticity, brittleness and toughness. see 7.1.1 –7.1.7 7.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND OBJECT PROPERTIES
At some point, children need to learn the difference between characteristics or properties of the object as an object, and those which arise from the kind of material the object is made of. This is particularly important when grouping Materials and objects according to their mechanical properties; that is, how they behave when forces are applied to them.A material property is a property of the stuff or material of which the object is made. It is unaffected by the size and shape of the individual object under investigation. Object properties depend not only on the material of which the object is made, but also on its size and shape. The difference between the two kinds of property can be illustrated by considering two objects made of steel: a strip 20 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 mm thick; and a bar 20 cm long, 2 cm wide and 2 cm thick. Both would be equally difficult to scratch, so their hardness is the same: this is a material property. The bar, however, would need a much larger force to bend it than the strip would. This is a measure of its stiffness, so stiffness is an object property. Table 7.1
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
