Technology & Engineering
Ceramic Materials
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic compounds that are known for their high melting points, hardness, and excellent electrical and thermal insulation properties. They are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including in the production of pottery, bricks, tiles, and advanced engineering ceramics for industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics.
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12 Key excerpts on "Ceramic Materials"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 9 Ceramic Engineering Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high purity chemical solutions. The term includes the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components and the study of their structure, composition and properties. Ceramic Materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, with long-range order on atomic scale. Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure, with limited or short-range atomic order. They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling, formed and matured by the action of heat, or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using, for example, hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis. The special character of Ceramic Materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. As ceramics are heat resistant, they can be used for many tasks that materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable for. Ceramic Materials are used in a wide range of industries, including mining, aerospace, medicine, refinery, food and chemical industries, packaging science, electronics, industrial and transmission electricity, and guided lightwave transmission. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Bearing components made from 100% silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 Ceramic bread knife ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ History The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) meaning pottery.
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter- 2 Ceramic Engineering Outside of the Space Shuttle as it heats up to over 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high purity chemical solutions. The term includes the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components and the study of their structure, composition and properties. Ceramic Materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, with long-range order on atomic scale. Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure, with limited or short-range atomic order. They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling, formed and matured by the action of heat, or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using, for example, hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis. The special character of Ceramic Materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ As ceramics are heat resistant, they can be used for many tasks that materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable for. Ceramic Materials are used in a wide range of industries, including mining, aerospace, medicine, refinery, food and chemical industries, packaging science, electronics, industrial and transmission electricity, and guided lightwave transmission. Bearing components made from 100% silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Ceramic bread knife History The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) meaning pottery.
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Library Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 Ceramic Materials Ceramic Si 3 N 4 bearing parts Ceramic Materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials and things made from them. They may be crystalline or partly crystalline. They are formed by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Clay was one of the earliest materials used to produce ceramics, but many different Ceramic Materials are now used in domestic, industrial and building products. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Types of Ceramic Materials A ceramic material may be defined as any inorganic crystalline oxide material. It is solid and inert. Ceramic Materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, weak in shearing and tension. They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in an acidic or caustic environment. In many cases withstanding erosion from the acid and bases applied to it. Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures such as temperatures that range from 1,000 °C to 1,600 °C (1,800 °F to 3,000 °F). Exceptions include inorganic materials that do not have oxygen such as silicon carbide. Glass by definition is not a ceramic because it is an amorphous solid (non-crystalline). However, glass involves several steps of the ceramic process and its mechanical properties behave similarly to Ceramic Materials. Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as kaolinite, more recent materials include aluminium oxide, more commonly known as alumina. The modern Ceramic Materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Both are valued for their abrasion resistance, and hence find use in applications such as the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining operations. Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine, electrical and electronics industries. Crystalline ceramics Crystalline Ceramic Materials are not amenable to a great range of processing.
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- White Word Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 2 Ceramic Engineering Simulation of the outside of the Space Shuttle as it heats up to over 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high purity chemical solutions. The term includes the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components and the study of their structure, composition and properties. Ceramic Materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, with long-range order on atomic scale. Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure, with limited or short-range atomic order. They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling, formed and matured by the action of heat, or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using, for example, hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ The special character of Ceramic Materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. As ceramics are heat resistant, they can be used for many tasks that materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable for. Ceramic Materials are used in a wide range of industries, including mining, aerospace, medicine, refinery, food and chemical industries, packaging science, electronics, industrial and transmission electricity, and guided lightwave transmission. Bearing components made from 100% silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Ceramic bread knife History The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) meaning pottery.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 1 Ceramic Materials Ceramic Si 3 N 4 bearing parts Ceramic Materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials and things made from them. They may be crystalline or partly crystalline. They are formed by the action of heat and ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ subsequent cooling. Clay was one of the earliest materials used to produce ceramics, but many different Ceramic Materials are now used in domestic, industrial and building products. Types of Ceramic Materials A ceramic material may be defined as any inorganic crystalline oxide material. It is solid and inert. Ceramic Materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, weak in shearing and tension. They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in an acidic or caustic environment. In many cases withstanding erosion from the acid and bases applied to it. Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures such as temperatures that range from 1,000 °C to 1,600 °C (1,800 °F to 3,000 °F). Exceptions include inorganic materials that do not have oxygen such as silicon carbide. Glass by definition is not a ceramic because it is an amorphous solid (non-crystalline). However, glass involves several steps of the ceramic process and its mechanical properties behave similarly to Ceramic Materials. Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as kaolinite, more recent materials include aluminium oxide, more commonly known as alumina. The modern Ceramic Materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Both are valued for their abrasion resistance, and hence find use in applications such as the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining operations. Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine, electrical and electronics industries. Crystalline ceramics Crystalline Ceramic Materials are not amenable to a great range of processing.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter- 3 Ceramic Engineering Outside of the Space Shuttle as it heats up to over 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high purity chemical solutions. The term includes the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components and the study of their structure, composition and properties. Ceramic Materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, with long-range order on atomic scale. Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure, with limited or short-range atomic order. They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling, formed and matured by the action of heat, or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using, for example, hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis. ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ The special character of Ceramic Materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. As ceramics are heat resistant, they can be used for many tasks that materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable for. Ceramic Materials are used in a wide range of industries, including mining, aerospace, medicine, refinery, food and chemical industries, packaging science, electronics, industrial and transmission electricity, and guided lightwave transmission. Bearing components made from 100% silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Ceramic bread knife History The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) meaning pottery.
eBook - PDF- R. E. Smallman, A.H.W. Ngan(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Chapter 10 Non-metallics I – Ceramics, glass, glass-ceramics 10.1 Introduction Ceramics are a class of important materials useful in both traditional and advanced applications. Ceramics represent a broad range of inorganic materials, typically oxides, borides, carbides and nitrides. Many ceramics are crystalline or have significant amounts of crystalline phases in their microstructure. Non-crystalline ceramics are generally termed glasses. Another important type of ceramic is carbon, which exists in a number of forms. Many types of ceramics can be synthesized using unrefined raw materials (e.g. cement, porcelain, glass, refractories, etc.) and these are called ‘coarse’ ceramics. However, to meet the more demanding property requirements in modern engineering applications, certain special ceramics are made from highly refined raw materials using rigorously controlled composition and processing conditions. These advanced ceramics are called ‘fine’ or ‘engineering’ ceramics. Table 10.1 shows some examples of applications of engineering ceramics which cover a wide range of fields. One major category of usage of ceramics concerns their electric and electronic properties, with examples ranging from dielectricity, piezoelectricity, magnetism, semiconductivity and superconductivity (Section 5.7.5). The conductivity and internal reflection property for light of glass (amorphous SiO 2 ) also make it the choice of material for optical fibers (Section 5.10.2) which constitute an important element in today’s telecommunication technologies (e.g. the internet). Being inorganic ‘salts’, many ceramics are chemically very inert, strong and light, making them suitable materials for biomedical implants (see Chapter 12). Ceramics are generally brittle and weak in tension in bulk, porous forms (see Section 10.6), but in particulate, coating or fully densed bulk forms, they can be very hard and wear resistant, and are excellent cutting and grinding materials for metals.
eBook - PDFMetals and Materials
Science, Processes, Applications
- R. E. Smallman, R J Bishop(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Chapter 10 Ceramics and glasses 10.1 Classification of ceramics The term ceramic, in its modern context, covers an extremely broad range of inorganic materials; they contain non-metallic and metallic elements and are produced by a wide variety of manufacturing techniques. Traditionally, ceramics are moulded from silicate minerals, such as clays, dried and fired at temperatures of 1200-1800°C to give a hard finish. Thus we can readily see that the original Greek word keramos, meaning 'burned stuff or 'kiln-fired material', has long been directly appropriate. Modern ceramics, however, are often made by processes that do not involve a kiln-firing step (e.g. hot-pressing, reaction-sintering, glass-devitrification, etc.). Although ceramics are sometimes said to be non-metallic in character, this simple distinction from metals and alloys has become increasingly inadequate and arbitrary as new ceramics with unusual properties are developed and come into use. Ceramics may be generally classified, according to type or function, in various ways. In industrial terms, they may be listed as pottery, heavy clay products (bricks, earthenware pipes, etc.), refractories (firebricks, silica, alumina, basic, neutral), cement and concrete, glasses and vitreous enamels, and engineering (technical, fine) ceramics. Members of the final group are capable of very high strength and hardness, exceptional chemical stability and can be manufactured to very close dimensional tolerances. These will be our prime concern. Their introduction as engineering components in recent years has been based upon considerable scientific effort and has revolutionized engineering design practice. In general, the development of engineering ceramics has been stimulated by the drive towards higher, more energy-efficient, process temperatures and foreseeable shortages of strategic minerals.
eBook - ePubModern Ceramic Engineering
Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Fourth Edition
- David W. Richerson, William E. Lee(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
1 a new definition: “the art and science of making and using solid articles which have as their essential component, and are composed in large part of, inorganic nonmetallic materials.” This definition essentially says that a ceramic is anything that is not an organic material or a metal. It suggests three basic categories of materials: ceramics, organics, and metals. However, it still gives no information about how to distinguish between the three categories, so we are right back where we started. Also, it does not give us any hints about where salts, semiconductors, intermetallics, and metalloids fit into the scheme of materials.Since we are not likely to come up with a precise or all-encompassing definition that really distinguishes ceramics from other materials, perhaps we can try a different approach. Let us look at some examples that are considered by most materials engineers to be in the category of ceramics.1.2 Material Types Generally Considered in the Ceramics Family1.2.1 Polycrystalline Ceramics Fabricated by SinteringThe first earthenware pottery and most ceramics that we use today are fabricated starting with a powder. The powder is mixed with water or other materials (such as a polymer and a solvent) and formed to the desired shape by processes such as pressing, slip casting, extrusion, and injection molding. This “greenware” is then dried, any organic materials removed, and the remaining particulate compact fired (sintered) at a high temperature such that the particles bond together to form a solid polycrystalline (made of many small crystals or grains) ceramic. This type of material certainly fits into the prior definitions and represents the majority of the discussion in this book.
eBook - ePubSurface-Functionalized Ceramics
For Biotechnological and Environmental Applications
- Laura Treccani, Fabian Meder(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
In material science, materials are commonly divided into three primary classes: ceramics, metals, and polymers. This classical designation is based on the types of atoms involved and the bonding between them. The other two widely recognized classes are semiconductors and composites. Composites are combinations of more than one primary material class and often consist of ceramics. Semiconductors are materials with intriguing electrical properties, and most of them are classified as ceramics.The concept of ceramics derives from the Greek term, κɛραμoσ, and it is historically related to terracotta and pottery [25 ]. Ceramics have so profoundly evolved over time, and today's advanced ceramics bear little resemblance to their origins, which makes it difficult to provide a unique and straightforward definition. Perhaps, the most widely accepted definition of ceramics is that “ceramics are nonmetallic inorganic solids” [26 ]. However, this definition is limiting it provides little information about chemical composition, the nature of bonding forces, or structure and it does not reveal other important properties [27 ]. For each application, e.g. semiconductor packages, fuel cells, gas sensors, laser host materials, piezoelectric ceramics, electronic devices, biomaterials, filters and adsorbents, sensors, machining tools, and rocketry parts, Ceramic Materials have very diverse chemical and physical characteristics, which are unique and specifically designed for a particular function [5 , 28 , 29 ].1.2.1. Advanced and Traditional Ceramics
For the sake of completeness, some standard definitions of set terminology are here briefly introduced. Ceramics can be divided into two major categories: traditional and advanced, which have very diverse applicative sectors as schematically shown in Figure 1.2 .Traditional ceramics can be considered the oldest ceramics, having developed since the earliest civilizations. These are based almost exclusively on naturally occurring raw materials, most commonly silicaceous minerals such as clay, mica, quartz, and feldspars. The term traditional could be misleading, and it must not be associated with low technology. Today, advanced manufacturing techniques, complex tooling, and computer‐assisted processes are often used for the manufacturing of traditional ceramics. Evolution is pushed by several new requirements, such as customized technical properties, known and defined chemical and physical characteristics, and low contaminant amounts. Nowadays, traditional ceramics are largely employed for high‐volume items such as construction products (bricks and tiles, clay‐based refractories, cements and concretes, and glasses) and consumer products (whitewares and pottery). Traditional ceramics share the largest proportion of ceramic sales worldwide, and the market is clearly dominated by glass, for example, glass window production [25 , 28
eBook - ePubMechanical Engineers' Handbook, Volume 1
Materials and Engineering Mechanics
- Myer Kutz(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Chapter 12 Overview of Ceramic Materials, Design, and Application R. Nathan Katz Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts Revised for this edition.- 1 INTRODUCTION
- 2 PROCESSING OF ADVANCED CERAMICS
- 3 BRITTLENESS AND BRITTLE MATERIALS DESIGN
- 4 APPLICATIONS
- 4.1 Ceramics in Wear Applications
- 4.2 Thermostructural Applications
- 4.3 Corrosion Resistance
- 4.4 Passive Electronics
- 4.5 Piezoceramics
- 4.6 Transparencies
- 5 INFORMATION SOURCES
- 5.1 Manufacturers and Suppliers
- 5.2 Data
- 5.3 Standards, Test Methods, and Handbooks
- 6 FUTURE TRENDS
- REFERENCES
1 Introduction
Engineering ceramics possess unique combinations of physical, chemical, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Utilizing the gains in basic materials science understanding and advances in processing technology accrued over the past half century, it is now frequently possible to custom tailor the chemistry, phase content, and microstructure to optimize application-specific combinations of properties in ceramics (which include glasses, single crystals, and coatings technologies, in addition to bulk polycrystalline materials). This capability in turn has led to many important, new applications of these materials. Indeed, in many of these applications the new ceramics and glasses are the key enabling technology.Ceramics include materials that have the highest melting points, highest elastic moduli, highest hardness, highest particulate erosion resistance, highest thermal conductivity, highest optical transparency, lowest thermal expansion, and lowest chemical reactivity known. Counterbalancing these beneficial factors are brittle behavior and vulnerability to thermal shock and impact. Major progress has been made in learning how to design to mitigate the brittleness and other undesirable behaviors associated with ceramics and glasses. Consequently, many exciting new applications for these materials have emerged over the past several decades. Among the major commercial applications for these materials are:
eBook - PDFFundamentals of Modern Manufacturing
Materials, Processes, and Systems
- Mikell P. Groover(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Elsevier Scientific, New York, 1983. [6] Kingery, W. D., Bowen, H. K., and Uhlmann, D. R. Introduc- tion to Ceramics, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. [7] Kirchner, H. P. Strengthening of Ceramics. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1979. [8] Richerson, D. W. Ceramics—Applications in Manufac- turing. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan, 1989. R E F E R E N C E S Review Questions | 139 [9] Richerson, D. W. Modern Ceramic Engineering: Proper- ties, Processing, and Use in Design, 3rd ed. CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, 2006. [10] Scholes, S. R., and Greene, C. H. Modern Glass Practice, 7th ed. CBI, Boston, 1993. [11] Schwarzkopf, P., and Kieffer, R. Cemented Carbides. Macmillan, New York, 1960. [12] Singer, F., and Singer, S. S. Industrial Ceramics. Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1963. [13] Somiya, S. (ed.). Advanced Technical Ceramics. Aca- demic Press, San Diego, California, 1989. 7.1 What is a ceramic? 7.2 What are the four most common elements in Earth’s crust? 7.3 What is the difference between traditional ceramics and new ceramics? 7.4 What is the feature that distinguishes glass from the tradi- tional and new ceramics? 7.5 What are the general mechanical properties of Ceramic Materials? 7.6 What are the general physical properties of ceramic mate- rials? 7.7 What type of atomic bonding characterizes the ceramics? 7.8 What do bauxite and corundum have in common? 7.9 What is clay, used in making ceramic products? 7.10 What is glazing, as applied to ceramics? 7.11 What does the term refractory mean? 7.12 What are some of the principal applications of cemented carbides, such as WC-Co? 7.13 What is one of the important applications of titanium nitride, as mentioned in the text? 7.14 What are the elements in the ceramic material Sialon? 7.15 Define glass. 7.16 What is the primary mineral in glass products? 7.17 What are some of the functions of the ingredients that are added to glass in addition to silica? Name at least three.
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