Binge Eating Disorder

11 Key excerpts on "Binge Eating Disorder"

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  eBook - ePub

  Pocket Guide for the Assessment and Treatment of Eating Disorders

  • James Lock(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • American Psychiatric Association Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 4 Binge-Eating Disorder Cristin D. Runfola, Ph.D. Sarah Adler, Psy.D. Debra L. Safer, M.D. Introduction Binge-eating disorder (BED) was first formally described in 1959 by Albert Stunkard, who identified it as a pattern of abnormal eating found in patients with obesity. BED was not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, however, until the fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994). At that point it was introduced as a provisional diagnosis requiring further study within the category “Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified” (EDNOS). BED was officially added as a distinct standalone diagnosis in the fifth edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013). Data accumulated between DSM-IV and DSM-5 led to the establishment of less stringent criteria for binge frequency and symptom duration in the later version. Currently, a diagnosis of BED requires the presence of recurrent (once weekly or more often) binge-eating episodes characterized by the consumption of objectively large amounts of food (e.g., beyond what is typical given the context) over a discrete period of time (e.g., 2 hours) and a sense of loss of control over eating during the episode. Loss of control means not being able to stop eating or control what or how much one has eaten. Episodes must also be associated with three or more features: eating rapidly, eating until the point of being uncomfortably full, eating despite lack of physical hunger, eating alone due to embarrassment about what or how much one is eating, or feeling disgust, depression, or guilt after eating

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  Eating Disorders

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • The English Press

    (Publisher)

  ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-3 Binge Eating Disorder Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) is the most common eating disorder in the United States affecting 3.5% of females and 2% of males and is prevalent in up to 30% of those seeking weight loss treatment. Although it is not yet classified as a separate eating disorder, it was first described in 1959 by psychiatrist and researcher Albert Stunkard as Night Eating Syndrome (NES), and the term Binge Eating Disorder was coined to describe the same binging-type eating behavior without the exclusive nocturnal component. BED usually leads to obesity although it can occur in normal weight individuals. There may be a genetic inheritance factor involved in BED independent of other obesity risks and there is also a higher incidence of psychiatric comorbidity, with the percentage of individuals with BED and an Axis I comorbid psychiatric disorder being 78.9% and for those with subclinical BED, 63.6%. Signs • Periodically does not exercise control over consumption of food. • Eats an unusually large amount of food at one time, far more than a normal person would eat in the same amount of time. • Eats much more quickly during binge episodes than during normal eating episodes. • Eats until physically uncomfortable and nauseated due to the amount of food just consumed. • Eats when depressed or bored. • Eats large amounts of food even when not really hungry. • Usually eats alone during binge eating episodes, in order to avoid discovery of the disorder. • Often eats alone during periods of normal eating, owing to feelings of embarrassment about food. • Feels disgusted, depressed, or guilty after binge eating. • Rapid weight gain, and/or sudden onset of obesity. Relationship to other eating disorders Binge eating symptoms are also present in bulimia nervosa.

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  Binge No More

  • Nash, Joyce D.(Authors)
  • 1999(Publication Date)
  • New Harbinger Publications

    (Publisher)

  Eating binges are often triggered by negative moods such as anxiety, depression, loneliness, or boredom, and eating serves to block out thinking and feeling. Obese binge eaters are dis- tressed about being unable to control their eating. In some cases, the obese binge eater was once anorexic or bulimic. Most obese binge eaters have a long history of repeated efforts to diet. Some continue to try dieting, whereas others have given up all efforts because of repeated failures. Unlike the anorexic or the bulimic, the BED person does not seek to be thin—she would be happy to be average or somewhat above average weight. People with BED are often sedentary and may have obesity-related physical problems that interfere with exercising. Because of their considerable dissatisfaction and shame about their bodies, people with BED may avoid sexual relations, and some obese binge eaters are in marriages that have been asex- ual for many years. Simple Overeating Those with BED are not simply overeaters. Most people overeat from time to time, and many feel they often eat more than Eating Disorder or Disordered Eating? 7 they should. Some people worry about breaking self-imposed eat- ing rules, but generally they do not eat objectively excessive amounts of food and they do not experience loss of control. Some people do eat large amounts of food in a single sitting and may even do so regularly. Although they may become overweight, if they suffer little or no distress because of their eating or their weight, they do not qualify for a diagnosis of binge eating disor- der. The key components in making a diagnosis of BED are that the sufferer feels she loses control over eating, is overly concerned or distressed about her body weight or shape, and experiences guilt and shame related to eating. The BED Binge In BED, a binge may not have a readily definable beginning or end and may last for days, rather than for an hour or two as is typical of bulimia or the bingeing anorexic.

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  The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders

  • Linda Smolak, Michael P. Levine(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  10 Binge Eating Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment

  Lindsay Bodell

  Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA

  Ruth Striegel Weissman

  Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, USA

  With the publication of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Binge Eating Disorder (BED) was moved from “the back of the book” (i.e., the Appendix) to “the front of the book” (i.e., the main body of the text) where it is now recognized, along with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), as a named eating disorder (ED). This official recognition of BED as a distinct ED represents one of only two major changes that were made in the DSM eating disorders chapter. The other major change was the reorganization of all eating and feeding disorders into one section rather than separating the feeding disorders most commonly diagnosed in childhood (see Chapter 13 ). This reorganization was undertaken to reflect clinical experience and emerging scientific evidence that age of onset and course of eating and feeding disorders may span a wider developmental period than once was assumed.

  Indeed, BED is a case in point for including all EDs into one chapter (i.e., a single nosological category) rather than segregating them by presumed developmental period of highest risk. Although the modal age of onset of full syndrome BED falls into the 20s (Kessler et al., 2013), loss of control eating has been documented even among grade-school children (Marcus & Kalarchian, 2003; Tanofsky-Kraff, Marcus, Yanovski, & Yanovski, 2008; Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2011). This finding highlights that in some individuals BED symptoms may emerge even before adolescence. Furthermore, in contrast to AN or BN (see Chapter 5

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  Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders

  • Eric Hollander, Dan J. Stein, Eric Hollander, Dan J. Stein(Authors)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • American Psychiatric Association Publishing

    (Publisher)

  In 1959, Stunkard identified binge eating, which he defined as the consumption of an “enormous amount of food” in a relatively short period of time, as a form of pathological overeating in some obese persons. Binge eating, however, was not included in the modern psychiatric nomenclature until 1980, with the publication of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association 1980), where it was defined as the “rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete period of time, usually less than 2 hours” (p. 70). It was listed as a defining component of bulimia, but not anorexia nervosa, and patients could meet criteria for both diagnoses. In DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987), the definition of binge eating was changed in that the suggested 2-hour limit was eliminated. In DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994), binge eating was more narrowly defined by requiring that the amount of food consumed be “definitely” larger and there be a “sense of lack of control over eating.” An episode of binge eating was therefore defined by two core features: 1) eating in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period) an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances, and 2) a sense of lack of control over the eating during the episode. Also in DSM-IV, binge eating remained a defining component of bulimia nervosa and became a modifier for anorexia nervosa, which thus became mutually exclusive diagnoses. In addition, binge eating became a defining component for a new eating disorder—Binge Eating Disorder (BED). BED was given as an example of eating disorders not otherwise specified and included as a provisional diagnosis in the DSMIV appendix to account for persons who engaged in recurrent, uncontrollable, and distressing binge eating but not the compensatory weight loss behaviors of bulimia or anorexia. Of note, in DSM-IV, the “binge eating” in BED was more narrowly defined than that of bulimia nervosa. In addition to consumption of a definitely large amount of food and subjective loss of control over eating, a BED episode of binge eating also required three of the following five behavioral indicators of loss of control: 1) eating much more rapidly than normal; 2) eating until feeling uncomfortably full; 3) eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry; 4) eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating; and 5) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating.

  Although not well studied, binge eating may be characteristic of some conditions other than eating disorders. These include neurological disorders, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, hyperphagic short stature syndrome, and some hypothalamic tumors (e.g., craniopharyngiomas) (Gilmour et al. 2001) as well as the hyperphagia associated with some medications, particularly atypical antipsychotics (Theisen et al. 2003).

  Despite the history of binge eating as a symptom, considerable debate remains regarding its validity (e.g., Is it really different from normal or passive overeating?) and its definition (e.g., How much is a definitely large amount of food? What is loss of control?) (Pratt et al. 1998; Williamson and Martin 1999). Nonetheless, preliminary research suggests binge eating can be diagnosed with some reliability, particularly when assessed on multiple occasions with multiple probe questions (Wade et al. 2000). Latent class analytic (Bulik et al. 2000a) and taxometric (Williamson et al. 2002) studies have provided empirical support for conceptualizing anorexia, bulimia, and BED as discrete syndromes. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute to binge eating behavior in general (Bulik et al. 1998) and to bulimia (Bulik et al. 2000b, 2003) and BED (Branson et al. 2003) as disorders.

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  EDNOS: Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified

  Scientific and Clinical Perspectives on the Other Eating Disorders

  • Claes Norring, Bob Palmer, Claes Norring, Bob Palmer(Authors)
  • 2005(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  The term BED was first used in a paper that appeared in 1991. The number of papers in which BED has been investigated has grown immensely since 1994 (Figure 4.1). Classification criteria The Eating Disorders Work Group of the DSM-IV task force in conjunction with Spitzer et al. (1992) developed preliminary criteria for the new eating disorder diagnosis designed to identify “the many people who have problems with recurrent binge eating, but who do not engage in compensatory behaviours of BN, vomiting or the abuse of laxatives.” The criteria for the diagnosis of BED were adapted from those for BN, extra criteria being added to define the differences between the two disorders. The definition of binge eating (Criterion A) is identical for BN and BED. However, in practice, binge eating among BED patients does not always conform to the requirement of the consumption of “a large amount” of food during a “discrete period of time”, such as two hours. Rossiter et al. (1992) reported that many obese patients who overeat with a sense of loss of control consume quantities of food that would not be described as “large” during any “discrete period of time” but would be considered excessive over the course of the day. This pattern of overeating has been termed “grazing” and is a frequent occurrence within the obese binge-eating population (Marcus et al. 1992). Binge-eating episodes are required to be associated with behavioural symptoms of loss of control (Criterion B). Spitzer et al. (1992, 1993) felt that Criterion B (symptoms of loss of control) should be included so as to set a high threshold for the diagnosis of BED and to ensure that normal gluttony would not be classed as BED. However, this criterion does not seem to be fully distinct from Criterion A2 (a sense of loss of control) or Criterion C (feelings of distress regarding binge eating)

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  Abnormal Psychology

  The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders

  • Ann M. Kring, Sheri L. Johnson(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  The program should cover diet changes, education about health and diet, and physical activity. These programs can be implemented in person, one-on- one or in a group, or by using a digital platform (e.g., an internet or smartphone teleheath app). Even as we learn more about the causes of obesity, the preva- lence rates continue to rise. Behavioral interventions can help, but much work needs to be done to halt the obesity epidemic. Defining Symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder • Repeated binge eating episodes • The binge eating episodes must include several features (e.g., eating fast, eating even if not hungry, eating past feeling full, feeling bad about eating so much) Physical Consequences of Binge Eating Disorder Like the other eating dis- orders, Binge Eating Disorder has physical consequences. Many of the physical consequences appear likely to be a function of the associated obesity, including increased risk of type 2 dia- betes, cardiovascular problems, chronic back pain, and headaches, even after controlling for Clinical Descriptions of Eating Disorders 323 the independent effects of other comorbid disorders (Kessler et al., 2013). Research shows that people with Binge Eating Disorder have many physical problems that are independent from co-occurring obesity, including sleep problems, anxiety, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and, for women, early onset of menstruation (Bulik & Reichborn-Kjennerud, 2003). Prognosis Research suggests that 25–82% of people with Binge Eating Disorder recover (Keel & Brown, 2010; Striegel-Moore & Franco, 2008). One epidemiological study of Binge Eating Disorder in several countries reported a duration of just over 4 years (Kessler et al., 2013). Quick Summary Anorexia nervosa has three characteristics: restriction of behaviors to promote a healthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. Anorexia usually begins in the early teen years and is more common in women than men.

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  Eating Disorders in Women and Children

  Prevention, Stress Management, and Treatment, Second Edition

  • Kristin Goodheart, James R. Clopton, Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb, Kristin Goodheart, James R. Clopton, Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Also, research has shown that obese patients with BED are significantly more impaired than obese people who do not binge, and specific areas of impairment can include employment, sexual func-tioning, self-esteem, and general quality of life (Latner and Clyne 2008; Reiger et al. 2005). Some studies have produced valuable information about the binge characteristics of those with BED. Specifically, BED patients reported eating other people’s food, stockpiling or hiding food items, and looking through the garbage for food that has been thrown away (Hagan et al. 1999, 2002). Research has also suggested that chaotic binge eating characteristics include overeating to the point of being painfully full, eating in private, and experiencing negative feelings after eating, such as remorse and shame (Hagan et al. 2002). Additionally, people with BED typically binge eat at night, usually between 6 PM and 1 AM, and binge eating usually occurs in one’s own home and is unlikely to occur in public places, such as work settings (Stein et al. 2007). BED patients also described their food consumptions during episodes of binge eating as “large” or “unusually large,” and those classifications are linked to more stress and less control (Stein et al. 2007). Intentionality was also shown to be related to binge eating, and binges that were considered “large” by BED patients were rated as more intentional but were also associated with much higher loss of control (Stein et al. 2007). BED is associated with a variety of psychological and physical health problems, many of which are related to obesity (APA 2000; Hudson et al. 2007; Latner and Clyne 2008; Mathes et al. 2009; Stice et al. 2006; Striegel-Moore and Franko 2008; Treasure 2008). It is estimated that 5% to 50% of people who have BED are also obese (Berkman et al. 2007; Bruce and Agras 1992; Hudson et al. 2007; Latner and Clyne 2008).

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  Overcoming Binge Eating For Dummies

  • Jennie Kramer, Marjorie Nolan Cohn(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • For Dummies

    (Publisher)

  As a result, the number of binge eaters is on the rise statistically as they are now being properly diagnosed and categorized. Not only have the diagnostic changes shifted statistics, but because Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is now a recognized condition, more people are coming out of the shadows and seek-ing treatment. Bingeing across genders Much has been written about the ways in which young women are vulnerable to disordered eating due to factors such as hormonal changes that occur in adolescence, perceived high expectations for women and girls to be perfect and thin, messages conveyed in the media, and more. When these influences as well as inherited tendencies, psychology, and other circumstances collide, some young women turn to food or the avoidance thereof to ease the discom-fort and angst of growing up and what it means physically and emotionally to leave girlhood behind and become a woman. The same is now also true in growing numbers for boys and men but not yet at the same rates as for females. It’s no secret that if you look at the numbers across the eating disorder con-tinuum, more women suffer from anorexia, bulimia, Binge Eating Disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) than men. However, unlike the other eating disorder diagnoses, Binge Eating Disorder tends to be somewhat more evenly divided between the sexes for a multitude of reasons that support the idea that the underlying triggers may be extremely similar. Like women, men who suffer from Binge Eating Disorder can also be over-achievers and perfectionists or suffer from psychological conditions such as anxiety disorder, OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder), depression, sub-stance abuse issues, or ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Recognizing men who binge Although men comprise an estimated 5 percent to 15 percent of people with anorexia or bulimia, current statistics suggest an estimated 40 percent of those with BED are male.

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  Medical Issues And The Eating Disorders

  The Interface

  • Allan S. Kaplan, Paul E. Garfinkel, Allan S. Kaplan, Paul E. Garfinkel(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  3 Binge Eating in Obese Patients

  G. Terence Wilson PH.D.

  In 1959, Stunkard described what has come to be called binge eating in the obese patient, namely, the consumption of large amounts of food in a relatively brief time, followed by discomfort, distress, and self-recrimination. But the problem of binge eating in obese patients was largely overlooked until recently. The reasons are probably twofold: First, views on the nature of obesity have changed over the past three decades. It is now seen as a chronic physical disorder under strong genetic control with identifiable biological causes (e.g., Kern, Ong, Saffari, & Carty, 1990; Stunkard, Harris, Pedersen, & McClearn, 1990). The rapid ascendancy of this genetic-biological perspective led to a relative decline in research on psychological or behavioral analysis of obesity that would have focused more attention on the behavior of binge eating. Second, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) included bulimia as an eating disorder, a syndrome in which binge eating was the core feature. This resulted in attention being directed primarily toward normal weight patients who both binged and purged (what DSM-III-R termed “bulimia nervosa” [APA, 1987]), even though the prevalence of bulimia nervosa seems to be much lower than that of binge eating in the obese.

  Estimates of binge eating among obese individuals seeking treatment range from 2% to 46% (Kuldau & Rand, 1986; Marcus, Wing, & Hopkins, 1988). In a study of 70 obese subjects not in treatment, 33% met modified DSM-III criteria for bulimia, suggesting that binge eating is prevalent beyond the clinic (Hudson et al., 1988). A limitation of all clinical studies, aside from their selective sampling, has been the use of varying definitions of “binge eating” and questionable methods of assessing it (Fairburn & Beglin, 1990).

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  Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder

  • S. Munsch, C. Beglinger, A. Riecher-Rössler, N. Sartorius(Authors)
  • 2005(Publication Date)
  • S. Karger

    (Publisher)

  Int J Eat Disord 2003;34:S2–S18. Dr. Anja Hilbert Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31 DE–33501 Bielefeld (Germany) Tel. 49 521 106 4490, Fax 49 521 106 89012, E-Mail [email protected] Munsch S, Beglinger C (eds): Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder. Bibl Psychiatr. Basel, Karger, 2005, No 171, pp 165–179 The Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder An Overview Esther Biedert Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland The eating disorders bulimia nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) share the common symptom of binge eating as well as other psycholog-ical and behavioral characteristics. Probably due to this fact, the literature and research on the treatment of BED has been influenced heavily by the BN treat-ment literature. Therefore, treatments that were proofed to be efficacious for BN patients (particularly cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT)) plus dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) were modified and used in the treatment of BED. Each of these treatments targets primarily a reduction in binge eating and associated mechanisms (e.g. relationships in IPT, affect in DBT), and secondarily weight management. Beside psychotherapy, the treat-ment of BED comprises traditional behavioral weight loss programs, dietary treatment and pharmacotherapy. Interestingly, traditional behavioral weight loss programs and dietary treatments produced weight loss and decreased binge eating. Antidepressant medication resulted in modest reductions in binge eating compared with placebo and, in some studies, weight loss. Uncertainty actually exists about the most effective treatment of obese BED patients. The greatest controversy exists between exponents of the disorder-specific treatments and the experts in obesity treatment.

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