Psychology
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are interconnected, and by altering our thoughts and behaviors, we can improve our emotional well-being. CBT is often used to treat various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and phobias.
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12 Key excerpts on "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy"
- Martin Turner, Marc Jones, Andrew Wood, Martin Turner, Marc Jones, Andrew Wood, Martin J Turner, Marc V Jones, Andrew G. Wood, Martin J Turner, Marc V Jones, Andrew G. Wood(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
1 COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT) James CollardDOI: 10.4324/9781003162513-2What is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?
Today, the term cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is commonly referred to within the field of psychology. There can, however, be considerable confusion about what this term means and how it is used (Collard, 2019b ). In essence, CBT refers to a school of psychological therapies and interventions that all adhere to a theoretical framework, which focuses on cyclical interactions between cognitions, emotions, and behaviours in understanding how people function. In this way, it is considered an “umbrella” term for a range of therapies that have been developed to assist people in overcoming and managing psychological difficulties and to enhance their functionality (Nezu & Nezu, 2016 ; O’Kelly, 2020 ). The commonality between these CBTs also extends to their focus on empirical support for psychological models of functioning and support for related interventions (David & Cristea, 2018 ; David et al., 2018 ).As a result, CBTs also promote a scientist-practitioner mindset in approaching issues of human functioning. This encourages practitioners to collect data on functional issues, to pragmatically evaluate formulations developed to represent functional issues, and to evaluate the usefulness of intervention strategies provided to individuals (Tarrier & Johnson, 2016 ). Such formulations are considered from within a biopsychosocial framework. This allows for the recognition of contextual factors that contribute to an individual's functioning. These include the persons biological functioning, and the evolutionary history underpinning this, their internal psychological phenomena (i.e., thoughts and feelings), their overt behaviours, their social interactions and situations, and the interplay between these factors (Gilbert, 2019 ; Nezu & Nezu, 2016
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-6 Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (or cognitive behavioral therapies or CBT ) is a psychotherapeutic approach, a talking therapy, that aims to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure. The title is used in diverse ways to designate behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to refer to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive research. There is empirical evidence that CBT is effective for the treatment of a variety of problems, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. Treatment is often manualized, with specific technique-driven brief, direct, and time-limited treatments for specific psychological disorders. CBT is used in individual therapy as well as group settings, and the techniques are often adapted for self-help applications. Some clinicians and researchers are more cognitive oriented (e.g. cognitive restructuring), while others are more behaviorally oriented (in vivo exposure therapy). Other interventions combine both (e.g. imaginal exposure therapy). CBT was primarily developed through a merging of behavior therapy with cognitive therapy. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions found common ground in focusing on the here and now, and on alleviating symptoms. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy and effectiveness; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.
eBook - PDFApplied Cognitive and Behavioural Approaches to the Treatment of Addiction
A Practical Treatment Guide
- Luke Mitcheson, Jenny Maslin, Tim Meynen, Tamara Morrison, Robert Hill, Shamil Wanigaratne(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
This should increase your confidence and enable you to develop an effective working relation- ship with clients like Paul. What is CBT? CBT is now established as a major psychotherapeutic approach. It has a strong empirical basis for a range of difficulties, particularly some of the anxiety disorders and depression (Beck et al., 1979). It is being adapted and utilised to treat many more problems, including addictive behaviour, for which there is an emerging evidence base (Beck et al., 1993). The central tenet of CBT is that there are thinking biases implicit in and main- taining specific problematic emotions and behaviours. By using techniques to make these thoughts explicit and assisting clients to develop alternative, more useful and realistic ones, emotions can be changed and behaviours managed or brought under control. CBT generally focuses on difficulties that are manifest in the here and now. It is an explicit collaboration between therapist and client and aims to teach clients skills to self-manage their difficulties as well as maintain improvements. Thus, CBT is defined by its empirical foundations, its explicit theory base as well as its approach to understanding individuals’ difficulties. Within this broad way of understanding human behaviour and emotions, models have been developed to guide treatment for specific disorders including addiction. Chapter 2 introduces these cognitive and behavioural addiction models. These inform the treatment for each individual through the use of formulations to conceptualise that person’s specific problems. Formulations may be highly circumscribed by the model for a specific disorder, such as social anxiety (Clark & Introduction to CBT for Substance Use Problems 7 Wells, 1995), or may be idiosyncratic and individually tailored, but still within the broad cognitive and behavioural framework that links thoughts, emotions and behaviour within an environmental context.
eBook - ePub- Hazel Reid, Jane Westergaard(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Learning Matters(Publisher)
This chapter begins by identifying the key principles of CBT and goes on to explore how the approach can inform counselling practice with young people. CBT strategies and techniques are introduced and you will have the opportunity to reflect on how these might be integrated into your own counselling practice with young people.THE PRINCIPLES OF CBT
CBT emerged as a gradual integration of two schools of therapeutic thought:- behavioural approaches;
- cognitive therapy.
Behavioural thinking (Watson, 1919 ; Pavlov, 1927 ; Skinner, 1953 ; Wolpe, 1958 ; Seligman, 1975 ) was born out of scientific enquiry into behaviour, in particular how a specific stimulus (something that happens) is likely to influence a response (what the individual does as a result). Behaviourists were scientists first and foremost, who believed that all behaviour is learned as a result of responses to stimuli and that it can therefore be ‘un-learned’ or changed. Claringbull sums up behaviourist thinking:At birth we are blank slates (tabulae rasae) and life events engrave each of our individual personality patterns into each of our slates. For example, you might have had lots of belittling experiences in your life and so you have learned to be an introvert. Someone else has encountered nothing but praise and admiration and so has learned to be an extrovert.(2010, p70)Cognitive approaches, by contrast (Kelly, 1955 ; Beck, 1976 ; Bandura, 1977 ; Ellis 1989 ), suggest that thinking
- (Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
37 The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Clinical, Applied, and Cross‐Cultural Research, Volume IV , First Edition. Edited by Bernardo J. Carducci and Christopher S. Nave. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. “Your life is what your thoughts make it.” Marcus Aurelius Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) propose a model of general psychopathology and a theory of behavior change that integrates diverse psychotherapeutic procedures, that is sensitive to a biopsychosocial perspective of medical and psychological disorders, and is tied to empirically demonstrated interventions. In the past, various schools of psychother-apy (e.g. psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic) have been offered as competing approaches, with little proposed overlap. In recent years, there has been an effort to develop an “integrative” approach of psychotherapeutic techniques that have demonstrated empir-ical basis of efficacy. CBT has been at the forefront in this integrative movement. CBT has demonstrated the beneficial effects of psychotherapy in not only alleviating distress, but also in reducing the likelihood of subsequent relapse of psychological and behavioral dys-function (Khanna & Kendall, 2010 Meichenbaum, 1997; Walkup et al., 2008; Whiteside et al., 2016). What Is CBT? As Mahoney and Arnkoff (1978) aptly observed, under the heading of CBT are many diverse psychotherapeutic procedures including cognitive therapy, cognitive restructuring procedures, rational‐emotive psychotherapy, problem‐solving interventions, coping skill training such as stress inoculation training, panic control techniques, and self‐instructional training, to name just a few. One should not impose a “uniformity myth” on these diverse therapeutic procedures since they have different theoretical perspectives, different modes of implementation, and have different outcomes.
eBook - PDFCounseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice
Skills, Strategies, and Techniques
- John Sommers-Flanagan, Rita Sommers-Flanagan(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
After the incident ends, people with mental health problems are probably talking to themselves about how they’re failures who will never handle difficult tasks. THE PRACTICE OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY Sometimes CBT seems ever so simple. It’s as easy as 1, 2, 3: 1. Access clients’ irrational or maladaptive thoughts or dysfunctional inner speech. 2. Instruct clients in more adaptive or more rational thinking and/or teach internal verbal instructional coping strategies. 3. Support clients as they apply these new and develop-ing skills in their lives. Unfortunately, cognitive therapy isn’t as easy as it appears. Whatever model you follow, you’ll need exten-sive training and supervision to achieve competence. In the now classic text Cognitive Therapy of Depression , Beck and his colleagues included an 85-point checklist to measure therapist competency (Beck et al., 1979). CBT begins with the initial contact between therapist and client. During this initial contact cognitive behavior therapists focus on develop-ing a positive therapy relationship and on educating clients about CBT (a sample excerpt from a cognitive behavior informed consent is included in Putting It in Practice 8.2). 8.2 Cognitive Behavior Informed Consent I specialize in cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy (or CBT for short) has more scientific research supporting its effectiveness than any other therapy approach. CBT is an active, problem-focused approach to helping you improve your life. There are several important and unique parts of CBT. CBT is collaborative : When many people think of therapy they sometimes think they’ll be coming to see an all-knowing therapist who will make pronouncements about their problems. That’s not the way CBT works. Instead, because you’re the best expert on what’s going on in your life, we’ll work together to develop ideas and plans for how to reduce whatever symptoms or troubles you’re having.
eBook - PDF- Graeme Whitfield, Alan Davidson(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
CBT forpsychosis has also been a huge growth area as evidenced again by the clear recommendation of the approach in guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia in the UK (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2002). Other therapies have adopted many of the main elements of CBT. Notable among these have been dialectical behavioural therapy (Linehan et al, 1993) and schema therapy (Young et al , 2003), which have both been used to treat borderline personality disorder. Closer links with cognitive psychology Beck's model of depression was based on clinical observation rather than research evidence. Subsequent years have seen attempts to empirically investigate the underpinnings of his theory. We now know that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy can effectively treat a number of disorders, but we still do not know for sure what the therapy is doing to effect change. These investigations have required much closer dialogue between clinicians and academic cognitive psychologists (Blackburn and Twaddle, 1996). Researchers have continued to explore the ways in which cognitions become distorted in psychological illness and how these distorted cognitions then act to predispose people to, or maintain, states of mental ill-health. One area of ongoing work has centred on how information can be processed in biased ways - whether that information is from our environment around us, or internally from our thoughts and our memories. Mathews (1997) describes these information processing biases within three categories: 1 selective encoding : this means that people can have a bias in their selection of information that is congruent upon their mood or emotional state. This can be seen in clients with panic disorder who scan their bodies for sensations that they believe may be evidence of physical threat.
- Marie Donaghy, Maggie Nicol, Kate M. Davidson(Authors)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
9 Cognitive–behavioural therapy: origins and developments Main characteristics of cognitive–behavioural therapy Cognitive therapy is a structured, short-term therapy based on a thorough under- standing of the specific disorder being treated and how the disorder has affected the patient. Therapists need to have in-depth knowledge of the disorder being treated and need to have basic skills in interviewing so that important and relevant symp- toms and problems can be elicited from the patients. Therapists should convey to their patients that they have understood their problems and should be able to formulate the patients’ problems within the cognitive therapy framework. Time limited The therapy is time limited and comparatively brief. In routine clinical work with a depressed patient, experienced therapists will probably treat an individual for around 4 months during which they may have had around 10 to 16 appointments. Table 1.2 • Examples of thinking errors Table 1.2 Table 1.2 • Type of information processing Example of situation and error negative automatic thought Selective abstraction: Selecting one Situation: Friends coming for a meal. aspect of a situation and interpreting Main course is an hour late as ‘somebody’ the whole situation on the basis of this turned oven off one detail Thought: ‘I am a really disorganized, incompetent person.
eBook - PDF- Nese Kocabasoglu(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
One of the major sources of this paradigm shift was the integration of cognitive techniques in CBT; consequently, CBT became a valuable tool focusing primarily on strengthening the patient’s independent ability to solve problems. The cognitive method described first by Beck addresses negative modes of thoughts and the resulting schemes as the source of psy‐ chiatric disorders [77]. The emotion theory of Schachter and Singer [83] was followed by the A-B-C concept by Albert Ellis, the father of the rational-emotive therapy, determining that emotions are triggered by interpretation the current situations. Consequently, by changing the attitude and perception of the event, the emotion/mood can also be altered [84 ]. In addi‐ tion to Beck and Ellis, the second wave of BT was also influenced by authors including Ja‐ cobson, Eysenck, Wolpe, Bandura, Lazarus, Meichenbaum and Ullrich, whose concepts of model learning, relaxation exercises, stress management, self-instruction and self-assurance training complemented the various methods of CBT. From the 70s until today,, behavioral therapy has been subject to substantial develop‐ ment based on emotion-focused approaches, methods of self-regulation and training of specific skills, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT; [85]), Acceptance and Com‐ mitment Therapy (ACT; [86]), Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP; [87], Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; [88]), Positive Psychology, [89] and Scheme Therapy [90]. In contrast to the psychoanalytical approach, CBT does not perceive psychiatric disorders as consequences of suppression or expression of mental conflicts, but rather as consequences of maladjusted attitudes and errors in reasoning expressed through disturbed behavior. Thus, the disturbed behavior itself represents the problem that requires changing as a response to certain conditions. Behavioral therapy offers an approach to enhance the patient’s own capacities.
eBook - PDFClinical Psychology for Trainees
Foundations of Science-Informed Practice
- Andrew C. Page, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Peter M. McEvoy(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
One valuable contribution of DBT is that it identifies a therapeutic hierarchy. Decreasing suicidal behaviours is the first priority in therapy, and therapy interfering behaviours is the second. Therefore, if either of these behaviours is signalled, these become the focus of therapy until they are dealt with. Other goals moving down the hierarchy are to decrease behaviours that interfere with the quality of life, to increase behavioural skills, to decrease behaviours related to post-traumatic stress, and to improve self-esteem and specific behavioural targets. However, a drawback of a rigid, therapist-supplied hierarchy is that it could be at odds with both a science-informed approach to clinical practice and with a key ingredient in the therapeutic relationship shown to be related to positive treatment outcome. That is, the order of treatment goals should be informed by a case formulation incorporating practice-based evidence and should be negotiated in a collaborative manner with the client. 106 Chapter 6: Treating Clients In summary, behaviour therapies extend from relatively straightforward contingency management to more complex treatment regimes found in DBT. In addition, they are typically delivered alongside cognitive interventions, even though they evolved separately. Cognitive Therapy One of the central techniques in cognitive therapy is Cognitive Restructuring. Cognitive therapy has a strong evidence base (Beck & Dozois, 2011; Carpenter et al., 2018; Hofmann et al., 2012; Laws et al., 2018; Linardon, Wade, De la Piedad Garcia & Brennan, 2017; Tolin, 2010). Within Ellis’s (1962) Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) it is argued that Activating events (called A’s) do not cause emotional and behavioural Consequences (called C’s), but that thoughts or Beliefs (called B’s) intervene as mediators (Beck, 2011).
eBook - PDFCognitive Behaviour Therapy for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Thinking creatively
- Andrew Jahoda, Biza Stenfert Kroese, Carol Pert(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
9 © The Author(s) 2017 B. Stenfert Kroese et al., Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for People with Intellectual Disabilities, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-47854-2_2 2 History and Theory [W]e just talk about how to deal with our depression and anxiety and that. But she writes things, and she’s doing the flipcharts. That’s quite good that. She writes what you think and how you feel at the time. And how to try and cope with them, then she writes the speech bubbles. It’s quite funny, she’s trying to teach me how to make myself feel better. The quote above is from a woman who took part in a study about people with intellectual disabilities’ views of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) (Pert et al. 2012). It hints at the effort that goes into achieving change and the need to make the process meaningful and engaging. But it also begs the question about the therapist’s starting point and what she is trying to achieve in the session. In this chapter we will outline a brief history of CBT and its use with people who have intellectual disabilities, and introduce some of the key underpinning theories. Like other clinicians, we are only too aware of how challenging it can be to balance the use of theory and technique, whilst remaining flexible enough to properly acknowledge the particular needs and concerns of the people with intellectual disabilities we are working with. There is also a risk some practitioners will take the view that theory is less important 10 when using CBT with people who have intellectual disabilities because they need to modify the approach to make it accessible. We take an opposing view and agree with Safran and Segal (1990), that to adapt an intervention, even if it is to modify the approach to make it more acces- sible, requires the same understanding of the underpinning theoretical model. An explicit theoretical framework gives the therapist a working model to follow and a model to share with the client and others involved with the psychotherapeutic process.
eBook - PDF- Hofmann, Stefan G., Hayes, Steven C.(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Context Press(Publisher)
C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35 (4), 639–665. Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Contextual behavioral science: Creat- ing a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1 (1–2), 1–16. Hayes, S. C., & Brownstein, A. J. (1986). Mentalism, behavior-behavior relations, and a behavior- analytic view of the purposes of science. Behavior Analyst, 9(2), 175–190. Hayes, S. C., Hayes, L. J., & Reese, H. W. (1988). Finding the philosophical core: A review of Stephen C. Pepper’s world hypotheses: A study in evidence. Journal of the Experimental Anal- ysis of Behavior, 50(1), 97–111. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press. Hofmann, S. G. (2011). An introduction to modern CBT: Psychological solutions to mental health problems. Oxford, UK: Wiley. Hughes, S., De Houwer, J., & Perugini, M. (2016). The functional-cognitive framework for psy- chological research: Controversies and resolutions. International Journal of Psychology, 51 (1), 4–14. Jacobson, N. S., & Christensen, A. (1998). Acceptance and change in couple therapy: A therapist’s guide to transforming relationships. New York: W. W. Norton. Process-Based CBT 42 Jacobson, N. S., Martell, C. R., & Dimidjian, S. (2001). Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8(3), 255–270. Johnson, J. A., Germer, C. K., Efran, J. S., & Overton, W. F. (1988). Personality as the basis for theoretical predilections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 (5), 824–835. Kanter, J., Tsai, M., & Kohlenberg, R. J. (2010). The practice of functional analytic psychotherapy. New York: Springer. Klepac, R. K., Ronan, G. F., Andrasik, F., Arnold, K.
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