Preventive Mental Health Care

12 Key excerpts on "Preventive Mental Health Care"

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  eBook - ePub

  Clinical Manual of Prevention in Mental Health

  • Michael T. Compton(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • American Psychiatric Association Publishing

    (Publisher)

  1 Prevention in Mental Health An Introduction From the Prevention Committee of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry Michael T. Compton, M.D., M.P.H. Carol Koplan, M.D. Christopher Oleskey, M.D., M.P.H. Rebecca A. Powers, M.D., M.P.H. David Pruitt, M.D. Larry Wissow, M.D., M.P.H.

  An Introduction to Prevention

  In recent decades, psychiatrists, psychologists, preventionists, and allied professionals have learned a great deal about risk and protective factors related to mental illnesses, as well as the development of evidence-based interventions addressing such factors and disorders. These developments in the prevention of behavioral disorders, which parallel the medical profession’s increased knowledge about preventing infectious diseases and chronic illnesses, were reviewed in detail in the 1994 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report titled Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research (Institute of Medicine 1994). More recently, developments in the field and an overview of worldwide approaches have been described in two World Health Organization publications, Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options (World Health Organization 2004a) and Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice (World Health Organization 2004b). These three resources are essential reviews of the expanding knowledge base on mental illness prevention and mental health promotion.

  In the past, prevention has been the mainstay of the field of public health; however, this population-based approach is now being embraced by the general health sector and is becoming more widely accepted in the mental health field. Both general medicine and psychiatry are primarily involved in individual-level treatment, but with the widespread prevalence of chronic medical and psychiatric illnesses, and an aging population, there has been increased recognition of the importance of a population-based prevention approach. We have previously described what is meant by prevention psychiatry

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  Counseling Across the Lifespan

  Prevention and Treatment

  • Cindy L Juntunen, Jonathan P. Schwartz, Cindy L Juntunen, Jonathan P. Schwartz(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications, Inc

    (Publisher)

  Of course, mental illness and the appropriate treatment of mental disorders have long been a focus of the national health agenda. However, in the past decade, concerns about mental illness have been increasingly accompanied by recommendations to address health promotion, prevention, and early intervention to support mental health. The cause of this focus is related to the staggering cost of health care, approximately 2 trillion dollars each year, causing President Obama to state that unless there is a “radical shift” to prevention and public health, it will have a negative impact on rising health care costs and ultimately health outcomes (Obama, 2008). In addition, increasing attention is being paid to health and mental health disparities. Research on mental health disparities suggest that only a small percentage of those with mental illness receive appropriate services (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999, 2001). Mental health disparities are particularly troubling, given the increased support in the research on the efficacy of prevention in meeting mental health and health needs (Crepaz et al., 2006; Durlak & Wells, 1997; Greenberg, Domitrovich, & Bumbarger, 2001).

  Focusing on prevention, early intervention, and health promotion are consistent with the long-held belief that mental health care students and professionals need to be proficient in interventions appropriate for multiple points along the health and development continuum, including prevention and health promotion (Atkinson, 2002; Vera, Buhin, & Isacco, 2009). The increased attention to prevention is accompanied by several important changes in conceptualizations of health and health care, such as the patient-centered medical home promoted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010). Of particular relevance to this chapter and book are three issues related to mental health promotion and the prevention or treatment of mental illness: attending to the developmental context of health and illness, implementing programs and treatments at multiple points along the continuum of intervention, and developing competencies to work in interprofessional settings.

  To put these issues in context, it is important to note that the parameters of mental health explicitly include mental, emotional, and behavioral health (O'Connell et al., 2009), drawing attention to the role of lifestyle factors, behaviors, social contexts, and relationships in overall health. Similarly, social and societal determinants of health are emphasized in policies proposed by Healthy People 2020 (Secretary's Advisory Committee, 2010) and the World Health Organization (2008). Societal determinants include environmental factors, such as poverty; infrastructure; and national, regional, and local policies. These factors are related to social networks, which can heavily influence individual choices and, eventually, health. As noted in Healthy People 2020, “Achieving health requires more than just controlling disease. It requires us to assure conditions in which people can be healthy. Health results from the choices that people are able to make in response to the options that they have” (Secretary's Advisory Committee, 2010, p. 4). The recognition of social and societal determinants of health in major national and global policy development reinforces the critical health promotion and illness prevention role of counselors, psychologists, social workers, and other mental health care workers, and is congruent with a social justice perspective on the reduction of health disparities (Vera et al., 2009). Furthermore, acknowledging the interactions between individuals and their environment is consistent with several major theories of development, which are subsequently linked to various interventions presented in this text.

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  Handbook on Optimizing Patient Care in Psychiatry

  • Amresh Shrivastava, Avinash De Sousa, Nilesh Shah, Amresh Shrivastava, Avinash De Sousa, Nilesh Shah(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Shukla, 2016 ).

  Mental health promotion aims to develop and maintain a positive mental health status and enable individuals to achieve their fullest psychological potential. By creating conducive social and environmental conditions, mental health promotion can increase the quality of life for not only individuals but also families and communities. However, mental illness prevention and mental health promotion are not exclusive to each other but rather two intertwined, yet distinct components of our mental health system (Saxena, Jane-Llopis, & Hosman, 2006 ). Practical applications of disease prevention and health promotion may include similar programming strategies, plans, and activities, but they are aimed at producing “different but complementary outcomes”.

  Disease prevention is the process of minimizing the onset and public health burden of disease. Prevention by using various levels of prevention strategies. These levels are broadly categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The outcomes at the primary level focuses on preventing the disease. The rapidly emerging personal and community needs for positive psychology and emotional wellness have built a significant target audience for primary prevention mental health programs in healthy individuals. At the secondary level, the interventions focus on screening, early identification, and controlling disease. Finally, the prevention strategies at the tertiary level aim to reduce complications arising from diseases. In mental health, primary prevention would include substance use education with the aim of continued abstinence and prolonging the onset of substance use as long as possible. Depression and anxiety screenings are among the most commonly used screening exams used in mental health, even in low- and middle-income countries (Gemma-Claire, Grace, & De Silva, 2016

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  Foundations of Professional Psychology

  The End of Theoretical Orientations and the Emergence of the Biopsychosocial Approach

  • Timothy P. Melchert(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier

    (Publisher)

  12. Prevention and Public Health Perspective on Behavioral Health

  It is often noted that the prevention of mental and physical disorders and the promotion of mental and physical health need to be higher priorities in American health care. This is particularly evident when taking a biopsychosocial perspective to health and health care. These topics often receive limited emphasis in traditional professional psychology education, however. Basic concepts for understanding behavioral health prevention are reviewed along with research on the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Professional psychology and other health care and human service fields need to incorporate a preventive perspective if they are going to be more effective in reducing health and social problems and improving physical and mental health and functioning.

  Key Words behavioral health prevention, health promotion, prevention, public health

  The biopsychosocial approach to professional psychology emphasizes meeting the behavioral health needs and promoting the biopsychosocial functioning of the general public. This obviously involves providing treatment for the behavioral health problems that individuals have already developed, but it also requires a preventive and public health perspective both for those who could be prevented from developing problems as well as for those who are showing early signs of developing problems. As is the case for medical health care providers, most professional psychologists will be employed providing treatment to those who have already developed problems. But the impact of both psychology and medicine will be seriously limited if providers are concerned only with treating problems after they have developed. Psychologists and physicians need to also support a public health and preventive perspective if they are going to significantly improve the health and well-being of the population in general.

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  Professional Well-Being

  Enhancing Wellness Among Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Mental Health Clinicians

  • Grace Gengoux, Sanno E. Zack, Jennifer L. Derenne, Athena Robinson, Laura B. Dunn, Laura Weiss Roberts(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • American Psychiatric Association Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Part II

  Well-Being and Wellness

  Practical Approaches for Psychiatrists and Mental Health Professionals

  Passage contains an image

  Chapter 8

  Preventive Health Care Strategies: Fostering Positive Self-Care and Resilience

  R esilience refers to the ability to adapt to a challenge, cope with a source of stress, or recover from an experience of adversity. The capacity to thrive in spite of life’s many unpredictable struggles can be intentionally fostered. Psychiatrists and psychologists can take note of how much energy they expend and can conserve their energy by avoiding tasks that are too draining. Mental health clinicians can also determine the behaviors that help them to recharge or regain energy so that they can remain strong for new challenges. Access to greater physical, mental, and emotional resources can allow psychiatrists or psychologists to remain calm, think clearly, and avoid becoming overwhelmed even in stressful situations.

  Part II of this book focuses on practical steps that mental health clinicians can take to better care for themselves and to promote their own resilience. The goal of Part II is much greater than simply preventing burnout and negative outcomes; the goal is to support psychiatrists and psychologists in living healthy and fulfilling lives with meaningful personal connections and professional contributions.

  The individual is the most powerful force in promoting his or her own well-being. In this chapter and the following chapters, we focus on specific life domains that have a major impact on well-being, including physical activity, diet, sleep, social connection, therapy and psychiatric care, spirituality and mindfulness, and meaningful work. No one is alone on the journey to self-care and resilience; struggles in some or all of these life domains are a central part of what it means to be human. Seeking a meaningful, connected, and healthy life is the first step to promoting well-being.

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  Preventing the School-to-Prison Pipeline

  A Public Health Approach for School Psychologists, Counselors, and Social Workers

  • Charles Bartholomew(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Prevention Psychology, Enhancing Personal and Social Well-Being. According to Romano, prevention emphasizes evidence-based practices that use psychological theory to advance health and well-being at the individual and systemic levels. Prevention also advocates for policies that promote institutional and societal change to enhance the health and well-being of a population. For Romano, prevention psychology works in partnership with other disciplines and specialties, and it contributes to evidence-based interventions designed to prevent problems and strengthen individual and community protections from personal and psychological distress (2015).

  For many years, Caplan’s (1964) definition of prevention was cited almost exclusively by professionals and provided an early and important framework for prevention in the mental health fields. This definition delineated three different types of prevention:

  • Primary prevention—Interventions designed to prevent problems from occurring across the population or within a subgroup or system (e.g., comprehensive, school-based programs delivered to an entire school to prevent school violence and bullying).
  • Secondary prevention—Efforts that target groups at risk for developing a problem (e.g., Head Start programs that provide preschool and early school education for low-income children identified as at risk for poor school achievement).
  • Tertiary prevention—Efforts that focus on limiting the impact of a problem that has already occurred (e.g., early intervention programs for autistic children).

  Cowen (1983 ) argued, however, that the tertiary component of Caplan’s definition is actually more aligned with treatment than prevention. In response, Gordon (1987

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  Clinical Psychology for Trainees

  Foundations of Science-Informed Practice

  • Andrew C. Page, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Peter M. McEvoy(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Psychological interventions targeting these factors can make a significant contribution to the prevention and treatment of medical conditions, as well as the promotion of healing (Christensen & Nezu, 2013; Nicassio, Meyerowitz & Kerns, 2004; Schein, 2003). As noted by Belar (2012), psychological service provision is relevant to each and every one of the health conditions listed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 2010). The essential role of mental health to achieving health for all people was confirmed in the World Health Organization’s (2013) Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, which articulates a clear vision of “parity of esteem” (HM Government, 2011, p. 2) between mental and physical health services. These comprehensive, global reform agendas for mental health care have major implica- tions for the training of clinical psychologists. A clinical psychologist needs to be prepared to add value within a health care environment that is increasingly charac- terized by integrated, patient-centred, accountable, and efficient systems of care, and economic incentives to keep people healthy (Kelly & Coons, 2012). 271 Evolving Parameters of Psychological Service Delivery Towards Integrated, Patient-Centred Care Prominent in the redesign of health care systems is the spread of integrated care models, where health care is comprehensive, continuous, coordinated, culturally competent and consumer centred (Kelly & Coons, 2012). This includes a greater emphasis on mental health promotion, early intervention in crises and accessible community-based care. At the heart of the integrated approach is the notion of “one stop” care in settings such as Patient Centered Medical Homes in the United States (Department of Health & Human Services (2021) or Primary Health Networks in Australia (see Department of Health, 2021a), where primary and speciality service providers are collocated in the same premises providing team-based care.

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  Child Psychopathology

  From Infancy to Adolescence

  • Barry H. Schneider(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  • For a program to be considered preventive, it must: (1) be group oriented; (2) be implemented before the targeted pathology becomes manifest; and (3) be intentional. • Treatment and prevention are considered complementary. In a way, all treatment is preventive, since it aims to prevent worsening of mental health. However, treatment is directed at people already suffering from a disorder. • Gerald Caplan proposed a three-tiered prevention model, consisting of primary prevention , intended to prevent occurrence of a new pathology, secondary prevention , focusing on early disease detection and tertiary prevention , which attempts to reduce the severity of impairment caused by a disorder. • Gordon’s model consists of three types of interventions: universal , which would benefit everyone, selective , which only benefit a subgroup of the population and indicated , which target individuals manifesting a marker indicating high enough risk to require intervention. These measures are only preventive if they are applied to individuals not already demonstrating signs of illness or distress. • Mrazek and Haggerty’s model is a reconceptualization of Gordon’s, in which the indicated level applies to individuals experiencing symptoms, but not meeting diagnostic criteria. • The models represent an attempt to reduce the gray area between prevention and treatment when prevention programs target individuals. • In understanding prevention, it is important to consider not just what is being provided, Prevention and mental health promotion 216 addressing sex education, human relationships, pregnancy and mother education, as well as the establishment of nursery schools and marriage-counseling clinics. • The Primary Mental Health Project began in 1957 to detect and prevent school adjustment problems, targeting academic achievement and behavioral adjustment. • The end of the 1950s saw increased criticism of the prevention movement.

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  Supporting Children when Parents Separate

  Embedding a Crisis Intervention Approach within Family Justice, Education and Mental Health Policy

  • Murch, Mervyn(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Policy Press

    (Publisher)

  Moreover, as reported in the Observer newspaper, a health select committee warned in 2014 that: In many areas early intervention services are being cut or are suffering from insecure or short-term funding. 304 The Institute of Public Policy’s study demonstrates that: ‘The only way to achieve sustained long-term improvements in mental health is 302 M Knapp, D McDaid and M Parsonage (eds) (April 2011) Mental Health Promotion and Mental Illness Prevention: The Economic Case www.lse.ac.uk, Department of Health and LSE PSSRU. 303 C P Cowan and P A Cowan (2012) ‘Prevention: intervening with couples at challenging family transition points’ in A Balfour, M Morgan, C Vincent (eds) How Couple Relationships Shape Our World: Clinical Practice, Research and Policy Perspectives Karnac Books, London at p13. 304 D Boffey (22 December 2015) ‘A&E hit by children’s mental health crisis’ The Observer . 121 to invest more in early intervention and prevention in order to stem the flow of people who need access to more prolonged and expensive forms of treatment.’ 305 The question that therefore needs answering is this: if as a nation we now accept the concept and effectiveness of a preventive approach to reduce known risks in a range of community services, from flood prevention to public health (through inoculations against disease, clean water supply etc), why when it comes to preventing psychosocial dysfunction in conflicted family relations, where the causes and consequences are increasingly well understood through research, are we apparently reluctant to invest in preventive services until matters have reached an emergency level? As my former colleagues and I pointed out elsewhere: One might use a medical diagnosis analogy here: we do not wait for a tumour to get very big before taking action to excise it. Of course early diagnosis does not prevent fatality in every case but it certainly improves the chances of survival.

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  Issues in Preventive Psychiatry

  • G. N. Christodoulou, D. Lecic-Tosevski, V. Kontaxakis, Christodoulou, Lecic-Tosevski, Kontaxakis(Authors)
  • 1999(Publication Date)
  • S. Karger

    (Publisher)

  The practice in the UK in the recent years has shown that primary care services have been increasingly involved in the care of these patients, by prescribing medications, organizing registers for their regular follow-up and liaising with community mental health teams, in order to serve the needs of these patients in the community [79–85]. This approach is not limited to psychotic disorders, but it is extended to patients su ff ering from other chronic psychiatric conditions, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Conclusions Primary care is a promising area for prevention in the field of mental disorders. This is because, as for all health conditions, it is the entry point of the patient to the system of health care, and o ff ers unique opportunities for preventive interventions at all levels. Mental disorders are common problems encountered in primary health care services, and the general practice team has a great potential for preventing their occurrence, diagnosing them at an 25 Prevention of Mental Disorders in Primary Care early stage and joining the e ff orts of specialist teams in preventing disability and relapse. However, experience has shown that, for di ff erent reasons, related to medical education, the organization of the systems of care and organizing preventive interventions, but also for reasons inherent in the nature of mental disorders, preventive interventions at all levels have not been launched to the expected degree. The latest developments and e ff orts, launched in the last 20 years, are promising and mental health prevention is expected to become an essential part of health delivery of the primary care services in most parts of the world. A point of attention regards the issue of evaluation of interventions. Interventions have to be evaluated for their e ff ectiveness and e ffi ciency [86]. In our world, health resources are limited and their e ff ective use is important for obtaining the best possible results.

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  Theories for Mental Health Nursing

  A Guide for Practice

  • Theo Stickley, Nicola Wright, Theo Stickley, Nicola Wright(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications Ltd

    (Publisher)

  Whilst mental ill health and common mental health problems are known to be high prevalence, costly and attributed to negative societal outcomes, positive mental health and well-being is seen as fundamental to quality of life. Positive mental health is defined as individuals thinking and feeling good about themselves and feeling able to cope with their problems (World Health Organization, 2005). It is argued to be an essential component of productivity, social cohesion, peace and stability in the living environment, contributing to social capital and economic development in society (World Health Organization, 2005). Tackling mental illness and increasing well-being in primary care is therefore an understandable government priority within the UK, with well-being in the general population becoming an important marker in appraising life quality (ONS, 2012).

  For both anxiety and depression there are effective treatments available which are recommended within clinical guidelines developed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Whilst NICE guidelines and the evidence that is selected within them have come under some criticism (Mollon, 2009), increasing the availability of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based psychological therapies in England has become a key government and health care priority as a result of the burden of illness anxiety and depression cause. Current policy on psychological therapy treatment services is unusual in that it is being influenced both by economic pressures and by psychological research on the factors of happiness, subjective well-being and life satisfaction (Cooper, 2009).

  The history of psychological interventions in primary care

  Over 90 years ago, Sigmund Freud remarked that ‘compared to the vast amount of neurotic misery there is in the world and perhaps need not be, the quantity we can do away with is almost negligible’ (Freud, 1919: 166). This prophetic passage both recognised the limited number of people able to help those in distress at that time, something which would remain the case, but also foresaw a day when the state would come to accept its collective responsibility and psychological interventions would be available according to need. The high economic and social costs associated with common mental health problems and the need to scale up appropriate care services are now widely recognised (World Health Organization, 2008). It could be argued the prediction of Freud in 1919 may have been realised within the ambitious aims of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative. The IAPT programme was a Department of Health initiative to improve access to psychological therapies recommended within NICE guidelines. It was developed in 2005, after a White Paper commitment in Our Health, Our Care, Our Say

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  Clinical Psychology for Trainees

  Foundations of Science-Informed Practice

  • Andrew C. Page, Werner G. K. Stritzke(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Among the ten leading causes of illness in industrialized nations are lifestyle behav- iours such as smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol misuse, sexual behaviour, and illicit drug use (Johnson, 2003). In addition to health threats associated with these behav- iours (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancer, HIV/AIDS), health and illness are influenced by psychological factors such as stress, positive and negative emotional states, beliefs and coping styles, and social relationships (Compare et al., 2013; Salovey, Rothman, Detweiler, & Steward, 2000; Stowell, McGuire, Robles, Glaser, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2003). It is now well documented that psychological interventions targeting these factors can make a significant contribution to the prevention and treatment of medical conditions, as well as the promo- tion of healing (Christensen & Nezu, 2013; Nicassio, Meyerowitz, & Kerns, 2004; Schein, Bernard, Spitz, & Muskin, 2003). As noted by Belar (2012), psychological service provi- sion is relevant to each and every one of the health conditions listed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 2010). The essential role of mental health in achieving health for all people has recently been confirmed in the WHO’s (2013) Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, which articulates a clear vision of ‘parity of esteem’ (HM Government, 2011, p. 2) between mental and physical health services. These Chapter 15: Psychologists as health care providers 227 comprehensive, global reform agendas for mental health care have major implications for the training of clinical psychologists.

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