Technology & Engineering
ELVs
ELVs, or "Expendable Launch Vehicles," are rockets that are designed to be used only once and then discarded. They are used to launch satellites, spacecraft, and other payloads into space. ELVs are typically less expensive than reusable launch vehicles, but they generate more waste and require more resources to produce.
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3 Key excerpts on "ELVs"
eBook - ePub- Jason Rowe(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
11Recycling of materials in automotive engineering
K. Kirwan and B.M. Wood, WMG, University of Warwick, UKAbstract:
Meeting the targets set out by the EU’s End of Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive is a challenge currently facing the automotive industry. In order to meet the requirements of this legislation, vehicles must be designed, manufactured and assembled giving consideration to their disposal. The reuse, recycling and recovery of ELV materials each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and are complicated by the wide range of metals, polymers and composites currently used in the manufacture of vehicles. Another option is the design of multifunctional components to reduce the number of end of life materials that need to be dealt with. Tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA) are available to evaluate the sustainability of a vehicle across the whole life cycle.Key words automotive end of life vehicle recycling reuse recovery sustainability life cycle assessment11.1 End of life vehicles (ELVs)
Given the impact that automotive vehicles have on our everyday lives, the resources they consume and the volumes of waste that they generate, it is unsurprising that the industry has been subjected to an ever increasing amount of legislation targeted at minimising their detrimental attributes upon society. The EU’s End of Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive presents some of the greatest challenges to the automotive industry in the 21st century, as it forces radical thinking about the methods by which vehicles are designed, built and ultimately disposed of. This chapter will discuss the practical impacts of the ELV directive, the issues that have arisen since its adoption into national legislation, look at how they are being addressed by interested stakeholders in the community and what future alternative materials could be employed to overcome some of today’s issues.
eBook - PDF- Geoffrey Davies(Author)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Most large corporations carry out this type of audit as an early part of new concept design. The responsible attitude taken by automakers is illustrated by the procedure adopted by BMW whereby no new material is considered for use unless an audit of whole life implications of the material is understood and approved by experts. 8.4 Recycling and ELV considerations ‘ELV’ ranks with CO 2 emissions as being the most well known of the automotive environmental topics and refers to the subject of end-of-life vehicles recycling which despite improvements in various aspects of disposal technology, leaves 25 per cent of the vehicle weight going to landfill. Although this is mainly non-metallic plastic, rubber and glass, and the scope refers to the whole vehicle body, materials feature prominently and a coherent strategy must exist for their selection and, ultimately, Fig. 8.2 Environmental impact of ACCESS aluminium structured vehicle. (Courtesy SAE 8 ) Production User phase End of life Total life cycle –29% Method SimaPro 3 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 Environmental impac Model year Model year ACCESS ACCESS 1990 1995 prim. Al prim. + sec.Al 1 2 4 3 The first stage in the actual process is to remove all operating fluids and similar substances: oils, fuel, air-conditioning refrigerant, coolant and brake fluid. If engines are stripped down expertly in a high-value recycling process, they can be reconditioned and re-used with no loss of quality. They serve as input material for BMW’s rebuild part production plant in the south-east German town of Landshut. Details of every vehicle that is accepted are recorded and classified according to type. The model and the vehicle’s condition determine the processing methods that have to be used, and also the residual value. The last owner delivers his ELV to an authorized recycling company . The recycling process starts. Fig. 8.3 Whole life approach adopted by a major manufacturer. (Courtesy of BMW Group 14 )
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 10 Elevator A set of lifts in the lower level of a London Underground station in the United Kingdom. The arrows indicate each lift's position and direction of travel. ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ This elevator to the Alexanderplatz U-Bahn station in Berlin is built with glass walls, exposing the inner workings. An elevator (or lift in British English) is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g., Korean & Japanese) or lift (e.g., Russian & Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new multi-storey buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps would be impractical. Design Some people argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day lift consists of a cab (also called a cage or car) mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a hoistway. In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a traction lift, cars are ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight. The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of lift its name.
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