Introduction to Architectural Science

The Basis of Sustainable Design

Steven V. Szokolay

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781317918585
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Architecture General

Now in its third edition, this book provides the ideal and only reference to the physical basis of architectural design.

Fully updated and expanded throughout, the book provides the data required for architects to design buildings that will maintain the users comfort in a variety of conditions, with minimal reliance on energy intensive methods like air conditioning.

This is not a 'how to' book but answers the question why. It equips the reader with the tools to realize the full potential of the good intentions of sustainable, bioclimatic design.

All sections have been revised and updated for this third edition including all the most relevant developments affecting heat, light and sound controls. The book responds to the need of understanding beyond 'rules of thumb'.

PART 1 HEAT: THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

CONTENTS

Symbols and abbreviations
List of figures
List of tables
List of worked examples
List of equations
1.1	Physics of heat
	1.1.1	Heat and temperature
	1.1.2	Heat flow
	1.1.3	Humid air: psychrometry
	1.1.4	Air flow
1.2	Thermal comfort
	1.2.1	Thermal balance and comfort
	1.2.2	Factors of comfort
	1.2.3	Adjustment mechanisms
	1.2.4	Comfort indices, the comfort zone
1.3	Climate
	1.3.1	The sun
	1.3.2	Global climate, the greenhouse effect
	1.3.3	Elements of climates: data
	1.3.4	Classification of climates
1.4	Thermal behaviour of buildings
	1.4.1	Solar control
	1.4.2	Ventilation
	1.4.3	Steady state heat flow
	1.4.4	Dynamic response of buildings
	1.4.5	Application
1.5	Thermal design: passive control
	1.5.1	Passive control of heat flows
	1.5.2	Control functions of design variables
	1.5.3	Climatic design archetypes
	1.5.4	Condensation and moisture control
	1.5.5	Microclimatic controls
	1.5.6	Free-running buildings
1.6	Active controls: HVAC
	1.6.1	Heating
	1.6.2	Hot water supply
	1.6.3	Ventilation and air conditioning
	1.6.4	Open cycle cooling systems
	1.6.5	Integration/discussion
Data Sheets and Method Sheets

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (SYMBOL, DEFINITION, UNIT)

asg	alternating solar gain factor	–
asp	aspect ratio
b	breadth, thickness	m
clo	unit of clothing insulation
dTe	sol-air excess temperature (difference)	K
er	evaporation rate	kg/h
f	response factor	–
k	linear heat loss coefficient	W/m.K
met	unit of metabolic heat (58.2 W/m^2)
mr	mass flow rate	kg/s
p	pressure	Pa
pt	total atmospheric pressure	Pa
pv	vapour pressure	Pa
pvs	saturation vapour pressure	Pa
q	building conductance
	(spec. heat loss rate)	W/K
qa	total admittance	W/K
qc	envelope conductance	W/K
qv	ventilation conductance	W/K
h	surface conductance	W/m^2K
hc	convective surface conductance	W/m^2K
hr	radiative surface conductance	W/m^2K
sM	specific mass (per floor area)	kg/m^2
sQ	swing in heat flow rate (from mean)	W
sT	swing in temperature (from mean)	K
t	time	hour
v	velocity	m/s
vr	volume flow rate (ventilation rate)	m^3/s, L/s
vR	vapour resistance	MPa.s.m^2/g
y	year
A	area	m^2
AH	absolute humidity	g/kg
ALT	solar altitude angle	°
AZI	solar azimuth angle	°
C	conductance	W/m^2K
Cd	conduction, conducted heat (from body)	W
CDD	cooling degree-days	Kd
CoP	coefficient of performance	–
CPZ	control potential zone
Cv	convection, convected heat (from body)	W
D	daily total irradiation Wh/m^2	MJ/m^2
Dv	daily total vertical irradiation Wh/m^2	MJ/m^2
DBT	dry bulb temperature	°C
DD	degree-days	Kd
DEC	solar declination angle	°
Dh	degree-hours	Kh
DPT	dew-point temperature	°C
DRT	dry resultant temperature	°C
E	radiant heat emission	W
EnvT	environmental temperature	°C
ET*	new effective temperature	°C
Ev	evaporation heat transfer (from body)	W
G	global irradiance	W/m^2
GT	globe temperature	°C
H	enthalpy (heat content)	kJ/kg
HDD	heating degree-days	Kd
HL	latent heat content	kJ/kg
Hs	sensible heat content	kJ/kg
HSA	horizontal shadow angle	°
Htg	heating requirement	(kWh) Wh
INC	angle of incidence	°
Kd	Kelvin days	Kd
Kh	Kelvin hours	Kh
L	length (linear thermal bridges)	m
LAT	geographical latitude angle	°
M	metabolic heat production	W
Mb	body mass	kg
MRT	mean radiant temperature	°C
N	number of air changes per hour	–
ORI	orientation angle	°
Q	heat flux or heat flow rate	W
Qc	conduction heat flow rate	W
Qe	evaporative heat loss rate	W
Qi	internal heat gain rate	W
Qs	solar heat gain rate	W
Qv	ventilation heat flow rate	W
R	resistance	m^2K/W
Ra-a	air-to-air resistance	m^2K/W
Rc	cavity resistance	m^2K/W
Rd	radiation, radiated heat (from body)	W
RH	relative humidity	%
Rs	surface resistance	m^2K/W
Rsi	internal surface resistance	m^2K/W
Rso	outside surface resistance	m^2K/W
SD	standard deviation
SET	standard effective temperature	°
SH	saturation point humidity	g/kg
SI	Système International (of units)
T	temperature	°C
Tb	balance point (base~) temperature	°C
TIL	tilt angle	°
Ti	indoor temperature	°C
Tn	neutrality temperature	°C
To	outdoor temperature	°C
Ts	surface temperature	°C
Ts-a	sol-air temperature	°C
U	air-to-air (thermal) transmittance	W/m^2K
V	volume	m^3
VSA	vertical shadow angle	°
WBT	wet bulb temperature	°C
Y	admittance	W/m^2K
α	absorptance, or thermal diffusivity	–
δ	v...