Design Drawing

Francis D. K. Ching, Steven P. Juroszek

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781119508588
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Architecture Design

THE CLASSIC GUIDE TO DRAWING FOR DESIGNERS, REVISED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CURRENT DIGITAL-DRAWING TECHNIQUES

Hand drawing is an integral part of the design process and central to the architecture profession. An architect's precise interpretation and freedom of expression are captured through hand drawing, and it is perhaps the most fundamental skill that the designer must develop in order to communicate thoughts and ideas effectively. In his distinctive style, world-renowned author Francis D. K. Ching presents Design Drawing, Third Edition, the classic guide to hand drawing that clearly demonstrates how to use drawing as a practical tool for formulating and working through design problems. While digital tools continue to evolve, this Third Edition includes new illustrations and information on the latest digital-drawing techniques.

Design Drawing, Third Edition covers the basics of drawing, including line, shape, tone, and space. Guiding the reader step-by-step through the entire drawing process, this Third Edition also examines different types of drawing techniques such as multiview, paraline, and perspective drawings—and reveals how the application of these techniques creates remarkable results. In addition, Design Drawing, Third Edition:

• Features over 1, 500 hand drawings—stunning illustrations in the author's signature style that reinforce the concepts and lessons of each chapter
• Offers new exercises and illustrative examples that range in complexity
• Presents all-new digital drawing topics, such as hybrid floor plans, digital models and fabrication, and hand-to-digital fluency
• Includes access to a new website featuring videos of the author demonstrating freehand techniques in a step-by-step manner in the studio and on location
• Includes access to a brand new website (Francis Ching (wiley.com)) featuring videos of the author demonstrating freehand techniques in a step-by-step manner in studio and on location. Readers will gain a greater appreciation of the techniques presented in the book through the power of animation, video, and 3D models

Written and illustrated for professional architects, designers, fine artists, illustrators, instructors and students, Design Drawing, Third Edition is an all-in-one package and effective tool that clearly demonstrates drawing concepts and techniques in a visually stimulating format that outshines other works in the field.

Drawing Systems

A central problem in drawing is how to represent aspects of three-dimensional reality on a surface that has only two dimensions. In the course of human history, various empirical methods evolved to represent the depth of space and objects within it. Manifestations of what we now call orthographic projection occur on Egyptian temple walls and in Greek vase paintings. There are numerous examples of oblique projection in Indian, Chinese, and Japanese art. We even find instances of linear perspective in Roman murals.

Today, these visual systems of representation constitute a formal language of design drawing governed by a consistent set of theories, principles, and conventions. We categorize these modes of representation into distinct types of drawing systems. We refer to these as systems to distinguish them from drawing techniques, which pertain to how we make marks on a sheet of paper or a computer screen.

In design, drawing systems provide alternative ways of thinking about and representing what we see before us or envision in the mind’s eye. Each drawing system involves a built-in set of mental operations that directs our exploration of a design problem. In selecting one drawing system over another to convey visual information, we make conscious as well as unconscious choices as to which aspects of our perception or imagination can or should be expressed. The choice of a drawing system is as much a question of what to conceal as it is a decision about what to reveal.

5
Pictorial Systems

We classify drawing systems according to method of projection as well as by resulting pictorial effect. Projection refers to the process or technique of representing a three-dimensional object by extending all its points by straight lines, called projectors, to a picture plane, an imaginary transparent plane assumed to be coextensive with the drawing surface. We also call the picture plane the plane of projection.

There are three major types of projection systems—orthographic projection, oblique projection, and perspective projection. The relationship of the projectors to one other, and the angle at which they strike the picture plane, differentiate each projection system from the other two. We should recognize the particular nature of each projection system and understand the principles that guide the construction of each drawing type within the system. These principles define a common language that allows us to read and understand one another's drawings.

In addition to its utility as a means of communication, projection drawing both requires and facilitates learning how to think spatially in three dimensions. In working through the process of constructing a projection, we navigate through a three-dimensional field of space in order to locate points, determine the length and direction of lines, and describe the shape and extent of planes. Projection drawing thus embraces the system of Cartesian coordinates and the principles of descriptive geometry.

PICTORIAL SYSTEMS

When we lay out the major types of projection systems, it becomes apparent that the images they present of an object vary in appearance. It is easiest to discern both the pictorial similarities and differences by studying how each projection system represents the same cubic form having mutually perpendicular sets of lines and planes.

Based on similarities of appearance, there are three major categories of pictorial systems—multiview drawings, paraline drawings, and perspective drawings. Multiview drawings represent a three-dimensional subject through a series of distinct but related two-dimensional views. Both paraline and perspective drawings, on the other hand, depict two or more facets of a three-dimensional structure in a single image. The major pictorial difference between the two is that parallel lines remain parallel in paraline drawings, while they appear to converge in perspective drawings.

Multiview, paraline, and perspective drawings represent a range of choices for the designer. We should not only know how to construct each drawing type but also understand the particular pictorial effects that each projection system produces. No one drawing system is superior to the others; each has inherent pictorial characteristics that influence how we think about what we are illustrating and what others read into it. Each defines a unique relationship between subject and viewer and describes different aspects of a subject. For every aspect revealed by a particular drawing system, other aspects are concealed. In the end, the selection of a drawing system should be appropriate to the nature of the subject and the requirements of communication.

Projection System

Orthographic Projection

Projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to picture plane; see Chapter 6.

Oblique Projection

Projectors are parallel to each other and oblique to picture plane; see Chapter 7.

Perspective Projection

Projectors converge to a point that represents the eye of the observer; see Chapter 8.

PICTORIAL OVERVIEW

DRAWING SCALE

Mechanical scale is the calculation of the physical dimensions of an object according to a standard system of measurement. For example, we can say that a table, according to the U.S. Customary System, measures 5' long, ...