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Slovene
A Comprehensive Grammar
Peter Herrity
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Slovene
A Comprehensive Grammar
Peter Herrity
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Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is the most complete reference guide to the contemporary language.
Key features of this new edition include: updated examples reflecting current usage, expanded discussions of particular areas of difficulty, a brief history of the language, dialects and register, clear distinction between written and spoken usage, new tables and charts for quick reference.
The Grammar provides a jargon-free and systematic description of all parts of speech promoting an in-depth understanding of the Slovene language.
Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is a key resource for linguists and students of Slovene at intermediate and advanced levels.
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Appendix 1
The social variants of Slovene
As a result of the artificial nature of the Slovene standard language as described in the Introduction to this grammar, modern Slovene is usually characterised in four ways. These are:
- (i) The standard language
- (ii) The colloquial standard language (which exhibits some regional variation)
- (iii) The regional colloquial languages and urban vernaculars (Pokrajinski pogovorni jeziki)
- (iv) The local dialects
All the above mentioned are not discrete forms or clearly differentiated entities but instead form a continuum, and the interaction between the different varieties can be complex. Individual speakers command different ranges of these varieties. Educated Slovenes use the standard language in most forms of writing, in public speech, in the media and on formal occasions. It is the target language of basic public education. Most educated speakers, however,
use the colloquial standard when speaking in less formal circumstances to other educated speakers. In the presence of less educated speakers they may well use a regional koine or their own dialect or even a mixture of the varieties depending on the situation and those present.
1. The colloquial standard language
The main features of the colloquial standard (of the Ljubljana region) are:
- 1. The use of the short infinitive, e.g.
- dĂ©lat âto doâ; nĂșdit âto offerâ; rĂȘÄ(t) âto sayâ; nĂŽsit âto carryâ; pĂȘljat âto take, driveâ; govĂŽrt âto speakâ; hĂŽdÉt âto goâ; prnĂȘst âto bringâ
Note: The stress is on the same syllable as that in the masculine -l participle.
- 2. The loss of final -i in the plural forms of the -l participle when the final -l is pronounced as -l, e.g.
- bomo vĂdel âwe will seeâ; smo naprĂĄvil âwe madeâ; smo odĆĄtĂ©val âwe subtractedâ (but only smo blĂ âwe wereâ; bomo ĆĄlĂŹ âwe will goâ)
- 3. The pronunciation of lj and nj as l and n
- kluÄ, grable, LublĂĄna, izklĂșÄla, svĂnski, nĂva, knĂga, pĂłl < kljĂșÄ âkeyâ; grĂĄblje ârakeâ; LjubljĂĄna; izkljĂșÄila âturned off (f.)â; svinjski âpork; filthyâ; njĂva âfieldâ; knjĂga âbookâ; pĂłlj âfield (gen. plur.)â
Note: If lj or nj occur at the start of a suffix they do not change to l, n, e.g. bĂvolji âbuffalo (adj.)â; s soljĂł âwith saltâ; petelĂnji âcockerel (adj.)â; s stranjĂł âwith the sideâ.
- 4. The pronunciation of the unstressed ending of the masculine singular participle in -el, -il, -rl as -u, e.g.
- reku, vidu, mislu, vedu, nosu, dvĂgnu, umÉru âhe said, saw, thought, knew, carried, raised, diedâ
- 5. The loss of vowels (i, o, e) in verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and pronouns, e.g.
- nĂȘs, nĂȘste < nĂȘsi, nesĂte; vzĂȘm, vzĂȘmte < vzĂȘmi, vzemĂte (second persons singular and plural imperative of nĂȘsti âto carryâ; vzĂ©ti âto takeâ)
- hĂĆĄca < hĂĆĄica âsmall houseâ; vĂlce < vĂlice âforkâ; Älouk < ÄlĂŽvek âmanâ; Ë gledĂĄuc < gledĂĄlec âspectatorâ
- Ë na mĂz < na mĂzi âon the tableâ; k hĂĆĄ < k hĂĆĄi âto the houseâ
- mlĂ©k < mlĂ©ko âmilkâ; nĂŽu? mĂ©st < nĂŽvo mĂ©sto âa new townâ
- visĂČk ĂŽkn < visĂČko ĂŽkno âhigh windowâ
- gĂŽr < gĂŽri âup, aboveâ; dĂŽl < dĂŽli âdown, belowâ
- nobĂȘnga, ÄĆnga, jĂĄsnga, nĂŽuga, oprĂĄvljenga, drĂșzga, tĂĄzga, < nobĂȘnega, ÄĆnega, jĂĄsnega, nĂŽvega, Ë oprĂĄvljenega, drĂșgega, tĂĄkega (m./n. gen. sing. of the adjectives âno/noneâ, âblackâ, âclearâ and ânewâ; the past part. passive âdoneâ; the ordinal numeral âother/secondâ; and the demonstrative pronoun âsuchâ). In the latter two examples there is also dissimilation, i.e. -gg-/-kg- > -zg-.
- poniĆŸvĂĄnje < poniĆŸevĂĄnje âhumiliationâ; potvĂĄnje < potovĂĄnje âjourneyâ
- pozĂĄbla < pozabĂla âforgot (f.)â; ÄĂștla < ÄutĂla âfelt (f.)â; blĂ , blĂČ, blĂ < bilĂ , bilĂČ, bilĂ âwas (f.), was (n.), wereâ
- vĂdte < vĂdite âyou seeâ; vĂdmo < vĂdimo âwe seeâ; mĂłtte se < mĂłtite se âyou are mistakenâ; hĂłÄmo noÄmo < hĂłÄemo nĂłÄemo âwhether we want to or notâ
- snĂłÄ < sinĂłÄi âlast nightâ; jĂștr < jĂștri âtomorrowâ
- tĂst mlĂĄd fĂ nt < tĂsti mlĂĄdi fĂ nt âthat young boyâ; s tĂ©m lĂ©pim stĂĄvbam < s tĂ©mi lĂ©pimi stĂĄvbami âwith these beautiful buildingsâ; za gĂŽram < za gĂŽrami âbehind/beyond the mountainsâ
- mĂȘn, tĂȘb, z nĂĄm < mĂȘni, tĂȘbi, z nĂĄmi âto me, to you, with usâ
- mĂĄm, mĂĄmo < imĂĄm, imĂĄmo âI have, we haveâ
- al < ali âdo/are (introduces question)â; tud < tudi âalsoâ; zarad < zaradi âbecause ofâ; skoz < skozi âthroughâ; kĂłlko < kĂłliko âhow much/ manyâ; nĂ jrĂĄjĆĄ < nĂ jrĂĄjĆĄi âprefer/best (with verb)â; dĂŽst < dĂŽsti âenoughâ
- 6. The pronunciation of short stressed a, i, u as É (schwa) in monosyllabic words, e.g.
- nÉÄ < nĂŹÄ ânothingâ; fÉnt < fĂ nt âboyâ; kÉp < kĂčp âpileâ; krÉh < krĂčh âbreadâ; sÉt < sĂŹt âsatedâ
- 7. Unstressed i in the first person singular of second conjugation verbs is reduced to schwa É, e.g.
- prĂłsÉm < prĂłsim âplease, pardonâ; nĂłsÉm < nĂłsim âI carryâ
- 8. Final -aj > -ej or -i in adverbs and imperatives, e.g.
- zmĂ©ri/zmĂ©rej < zmĂ©raj âalwaysâ; zdĂšj < zdĂ j ânowâ; pomĂĄgi/pomĂĄgej < pomĂĄgaj âhelpâ
- 9. Short a before u (written -Ă l, -Ă v) becomes o, e.g.
- Ë prĂČu < prĂ v âright, tru...