eBook - ePub
Slovene
A Comprehensive Grammar
Peter Herrity
This is a test
Partager le livre
- 494 pages
- English
- ePUB (adapté aux mobiles)
- Disponible sur iOS et Android
eBook - ePub
Slovene
A Comprehensive Grammar
Peter Herrity
DĂ©tails du livre
Aperçu du livre
Table des matiĂšres
Citations
Ă propos de ce livre
Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is the most complete reference guide to the contemporary language.
Key features of this new edition include: updated examples reflecting current usage, expanded discussions of particular areas of difficulty, a brief history of the language, dialects and register, clear distinction between written and spoken usage, new tables and charts for quick reference.
The Grammar provides a jargon-free and systematic description of all parts of speech promoting an in-depth understanding of the Slovene language.
Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is a key resource for linguists and students of Slovene at intermediate and advanced levels.
Foire aux questions
Comment puis-je résilier mon abonnement ?
Il vous suffit de vous rendre dans la section compte dans paramĂštres et de cliquer sur « RĂ©silier lâabonnement ». Câest aussi simple que cela ! Une fois que vous aurez rĂ©siliĂ© votre abonnement, il restera actif pour le reste de la pĂ©riode pour laquelle vous avez payĂ©. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Puis-je / comment puis-je télécharger des livres ?
Pour le moment, tous nos livres en format ePub adaptĂ©s aux mobiles peuvent ĂȘtre tĂ©lĂ©chargĂ©s via lâapplication. La plupart de nos PDF sont Ă©galement disponibles en tĂ©lĂ©chargement et les autres seront tĂ©lĂ©chargeables trĂšs prochainement. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Quelle est la différence entre les formules tarifaires ?
Les deux abonnements vous donnent un accĂšs complet Ă la bibliothĂšque et Ă toutes les fonctionnalitĂ©s de Perlego. Les seules diffĂ©rences sont les tarifs ainsi que la pĂ©riode dâabonnement : avec lâabonnement annuel, vous Ă©conomiserez environ 30 % par rapport Ă 12 mois dâabonnement mensuel.
Quâest-ce que Perlego ?
Nous sommes un service dâabonnement Ă des ouvrages universitaires en ligne, oĂč vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă toute une bibliothĂšque pour un prix infĂ©rieur Ă celui dâun seul livre par mois. Avec plus dâun million de livres sur plus de 1 000 sujets, nous avons ce quâil vous faut ! DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Prenez-vous en charge la synthÚse vocale ?
Recherchez le symbole Ăcouter sur votre prochain livre pour voir si vous pouvez lâĂ©couter. Lâoutil Ăcouter lit le texte Ă haute voix pour vous, en surlignant le passage qui est en cours de lecture. Vous pouvez le mettre sur pause, lâaccĂ©lĂ©rer ou le ralentir. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Est-ce que Slovene est un PDF/ePUB en ligne ?
Oui, vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă Slovene par Peter Herrity en format PDF et/ou ePUB ainsi quâĂ dâautres livres populaires dans Sprachen & Linguistik et Sprachen. Nous disposons de plus dâun million dâouvrages Ă dĂ©couvrir dans notre catalogue.
Informations
Appendix 1
The social variants of Slovene
As a result of the artificial nature of the Slovene standard language as described in the Introduction to this grammar, modern Slovene is usually characterised in four ways. These are:
- (i) The standard language
- (ii) The colloquial standard language (which exhibits some regional variation)
- (iii) The regional colloquial languages and urban vernaculars (Pokrajinski pogovorni jeziki)
- (iv) The local dialects
All the above mentioned are not discrete forms or clearly differentiated entities but instead form a continuum, and the interaction between the different varieties can be complex. Individual speakers command different ranges of these varieties. Educated Slovenes use the standard language in most forms of writing, in public speech, in the media and on formal occasions. It is the target language of basic public education. Most educated speakers, however,
use the colloquial standard when speaking in less formal circumstances to other educated speakers. In the presence of less educated speakers they may well use a regional koine or their own dialect or even a mixture of the varieties depending on the situation and those present.
1. The colloquial standard language
The main features of the colloquial standard (of the Ljubljana region) are:
- 1. The use of the short infinitive, e.g.
- dĂ©lat âto doâ; nĂșdit âto offerâ; rĂȘÄ(t) âto sayâ; nĂŽsit âto carryâ; pĂȘljat âto take, driveâ; govĂŽrt âto speakâ; hĂŽdÉt âto goâ; prnĂȘst âto bringâ
Note: The stress is on the same syllable as that in the masculine -l participle.
- 2. The loss of final -i in the plural forms of the -l participle when the final -l is pronounced as -l, e.g.
- bomo vĂdel âwe will seeâ; smo naprĂĄvil âwe madeâ; smo odĆĄtĂ©val âwe subtractedâ (but only smo blĂ âwe wereâ; bomo ĆĄlĂŹ âwe will goâ)
- 3. The pronunciation of lj and nj as l and n
- kluÄ, grable, LublĂĄna, izklĂșÄla, svĂnski, nĂva, knĂga, pĂłl < kljĂșÄ âkeyâ; grĂĄblje ârakeâ; LjubljĂĄna; izkljĂșÄila âturned off (f.)â; svinjski âpork; filthyâ; njĂva âfieldâ; knjĂga âbookâ; pĂłlj âfield (gen. plur.)â
Note: If lj or nj occur at the start of a suffix they do not change to l, n, e.g. bĂvolji âbuffalo (adj.)â; s soljĂł âwith saltâ; petelĂnji âcockerel (adj.)â; s stranjĂł âwith the sideâ.
- 4. The pronunciation of the unstressed ending of the masculine singular participle in -el, -il, -rl as -u, e.g.
- reku, vidu, mislu, vedu, nosu, dvĂgnu, umÉru âhe said, saw, thought, knew, carried, raised, diedâ
- 5. The loss of vowels (i, o, e) in verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and pronouns, e.g.
- nĂȘs, nĂȘste < nĂȘsi, nesĂte; vzĂȘm, vzĂȘmte < vzĂȘmi, vzemĂte (second persons singular and plural imperative of nĂȘsti âto carryâ; vzĂ©ti âto takeâ)
- hĂĆĄca < hĂĆĄica âsmall houseâ; vĂlce < vĂlice âforkâ; Älouk < ÄlĂŽvek âmanâ; Ë gledĂĄuc < gledĂĄlec âspectatorâ
- Ë na mĂz < na mĂzi âon the tableâ; k hĂĆĄ < k hĂĆĄi âto the houseâ
- mlĂ©k < mlĂ©ko âmilkâ; nĂŽu? mĂ©st < nĂŽvo mĂ©sto âa new townâ
- visĂČk ĂŽkn < visĂČko ĂŽkno âhigh windowâ
- gĂŽr < gĂŽri âup, aboveâ; dĂŽl < dĂŽli âdown, belowâ
- nobĂȘnga, ÄĆnga, jĂĄsnga, nĂŽuga, oprĂĄvljenga, drĂșzga, tĂĄzga, < nobĂȘnega, ÄĆnega, jĂĄsnega, nĂŽvega, Ë oprĂĄvljenega, drĂșgega, tĂĄkega (m./n. gen. sing. of the adjectives âno/noneâ, âblackâ, âclearâ and ânewâ; the past part. passive âdoneâ; the ordinal numeral âother/secondâ; and the demonstrative pronoun âsuchâ). In the latter two examples there is also dissimilation, i.e. -gg-/-kg- > -zg-.
- poniĆŸvĂĄnje < poniĆŸevĂĄnje âhumiliationâ; potvĂĄnje < potovĂĄnje âjourneyâ
- pozĂĄbla < pozabĂla âforgot (f.)â; ÄĂștla < ÄutĂla âfelt (f.)â; blĂ , blĂČ, blĂ < bilĂ , bilĂČ, bilĂ âwas (f.), was (n.), wereâ
- vĂdte < vĂdite âyou seeâ; vĂdmo < vĂdimo âwe seeâ; mĂłtte se < mĂłtite se âyou are mistakenâ; hĂłÄmo noÄmo < hĂłÄemo nĂłÄemo âwhether we want to or notâ
- snĂłÄ < sinĂłÄi âlast nightâ; jĂștr < jĂștri âtomorrowâ
- tĂst mlĂĄd fĂ nt < tĂsti mlĂĄdi fĂ nt âthat young boyâ; s tĂ©m lĂ©pim stĂĄvbam < s tĂ©mi lĂ©pimi stĂĄvbami âwith these beautiful buildingsâ; za gĂŽram < za gĂŽrami âbehind/beyond the mountainsâ
- mĂȘn, tĂȘb, z nĂĄm < mĂȘni, tĂȘbi, z nĂĄmi âto me, to you, with usâ
- mĂĄm, mĂĄmo < imĂĄm, imĂĄmo âI have, we haveâ
- al < ali âdo/are (introduces question)â; tud < tudi âalsoâ; zarad < zaradi âbecause ofâ; skoz < skozi âthroughâ; kĂłlko < kĂłliko âhow much/ manyâ; nĂ jrĂĄjĆĄ < nĂ jrĂĄjĆĄi âprefer/best (with verb)â; dĂŽst < dĂŽsti âenoughâ
- 6. The pronunciation of short stressed a, i, u as É (schwa) in monosyllabic words, e.g.
- nÉÄ < nĂŹÄ ânothingâ; fÉnt < fĂ nt âboyâ; kÉp < kĂčp âpileâ; krÉh < krĂčh âbreadâ; sÉt < sĂŹt âsatedâ
- 7. Unstressed i in the first person singular of second conjugation verbs is reduced to schwa É, e.g.
- prĂłsÉm < prĂłsim âplease, pardonâ; nĂłsÉm < nĂłsim âI carryâ
- 8. Final -aj > -ej or -i in adverbs and imperatives, e.g.
- zmĂ©ri/zmĂ©rej < zmĂ©raj âalwaysâ; zdĂšj < zdĂ j ânowâ; pomĂĄgi/pomĂĄgej < pomĂĄgaj âhelpâ
- 9. Short a before u (written -Ă l, -Ă v) becomes o, e.g.
- Ë prĂČu < prĂ v âright, tru...