Biological Sciences
Biosensors
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector to produce a measurable signal. They are designed to detect specific biological molecules or compounds, such as proteins, enzymes, or DNA, and are widely used in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Biosensors offer rapid, sensitive, and selective detection, making them valuable tools in various scientific and industrial applications.
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10 Key excerpts on "Biosensors"
eBook - PDFSensors in Biomedical Applications
Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
- Gabor Harsanyi(Author)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
CHAPTER 7 Biosensors Currently, Biosensors are in the focus of research efforts in sensorics and analytical chemistry. Several hundreds of papers are published annually on this topic. New results are published almost weekly in leading journals. A journal ( Biosensors and Bioelectronics ) and a series of annual conferences were established that specifically addressed this topic. The definition of Biosensors was not uniform in the literature a few years ago, but it became general recently: biosensor is a sensor using a living com-ponent or a product of a living thing for measurement or indication. Thus, they are characterized by the nature of interaction that is the basis of the sens-ing effect, i.e., the very specific chemical reactions that are typical in biolog-ical systems. The general structure of Biosensors is schematically shown in Figure 7.1; they consist of two main parts, the receptor and the transducer (this does not mean that they are physically separated). The receptor interacts with the ana-lyte selectively, while the transducer produces an electrical or optical signal as a result of the former interaction. This signal carries information about the concentration of the analyte. Receptor parts contain the biologically active components that are capable for specific chemical reactions with the analyte. Nature has created an almost endless variety of biological compounds that may act as receptors. According to the type of receptor, Biosensors can be distinguished into the following groups: • Enzymatic (or metabolism) Biosensors employ immobilized enzymes as receptors. Enzymes are catalysts, substances that enable biochemical processes to proceed. They are specific to their substrate which can be the analyte of interest. The enzymatic reaction makes it possible for a signal to be produced by the transducer. 223 • Affinity Biosensors are based on specific chemical binding. In im-munosensors, this means the antigen-antibody reaction.
eBook - PDF- Joseph M. Irudayaraj(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Jenny Stanford Publishing(Publisher)
As biosensing and targeted therapeutics increase in relevance, the availability of a framework around organizing the information relevant to biorecognition will simplify and streamline the development process. Chapter 1 Biomolecular Components of a Biosensor: Fundamentals Kaustubh D. Bhalerao a and Goutam J. Nistala b a Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA b Department of Chemical Engineering, Stauffer III, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [email protected] Biomedical Nanosensors Edited by Joseph Irudayaraj Copyright © 2013 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4303-03-3 (Hardcover), 978-981-4303-04-0 (eBook) www.panstanford.com Biomolecular Components of a Biosensor 1.1 What Makes a Biosensor a Biosensor? A sensor is a device that measures the presence or amount of substance and converts it into an interpretable signal. A biosensor is a class of sensor devices or systems in which a biochemical interaction is exploited as the basis of detecting the presence or level of a known analyte. This analyte may be an inorganic compound such as a salt, a small biological molecule such as a vitamin or sugar molecule, or even the concentration of larger biological macromolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids. The biochemical interaction between the sensor system and the analyte provides a biological context to the sensing event as often the sensing mechanism used by the biosensor is functionally analogous to the interaction between the analyte and its biological environment. Consider the example of the commercially successful glucose monitors used by diabetes patients. These Biosensors analyze droplet-sized blood samples for blood glucose level and provide an output in terms of milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood. This information can be used for diagnostic purposes or to inform therapeutic actions.
- Sreeraj Gopi, Augustine Amalraj, T. R. Sreeraj, Sreeraj Gopi, Augustine Amalraj, T. R. Sreeraj(Authors)
- 2024(Publication Date)
- Apple Academic Press(Publisher)
3.1 INTRODUCTION Significant developments have been observed in the use of Biosensors in the detection of chemical agents after World War II, in the determination 64 Advanced Nanomaterials for Biological, Nutraceutical, and Medicinal Applications of agricultural production, food processing, drug testing, and bioterrorism threats. Biosensors are devices that combine a sensitive biological recognition component and physical transducer to detect analytes of interest (Giraldo et al., 2014; Iverson et al., 2013; Bozkurt et al., 2017; Ulissi et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2013; Baskaya et al., 2017; Sen et al., 2012, 2013; Savk et al., 2019; Ayranci et al., 2019; Kaya et al., 2019). The results are analyzed by directing biological reactions to quantifiable and quantitative determinations and directing them to a measurable signal. There are also nucleic acids, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, microorganisms, their tissues, Biosensors, biological recognition sensitivity. Living things separate the biological materials that provide the percep- tion of the warnings in the life process. Then, these parts and the relations between them are examined as a whole. Current technological develop- ments, thanks to the Biosensors for the very fast development. The inclusion of sensor technology in the fields of chemistry, biology, materials science, engineering, and updating with new technologies in these disciplines has significantly contributed to the development of Biosensors. Biosensors such as amperometric, potentiometric, piezoelectric, thermal, acoustic, and optical sensors. Different immunological agents have emerged as a result of bringing together the existing structures such as chemical receptors and biological systems such as enzymes, cells, microorganisms. Biosensors are defined as the conversion of a biological event in the living body into an electrical signal.
- Pier Andrea Serra(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
The last part will discuss some challenges and future directions on this field. 2. Biorecognition elements and transduction technology 2.1 Biorecognition elements Clinical analyses are no longer carried out exclusively in the clinical chemistry laboratory. Measurements of analytes in biological fluids are routinely performed in various locations, including hospital, by caregivers in non-hospital settings and by patients at home. Biosensors (bioanalytical sensors) for the measurement of analytes of interest in clinical chemistry are ideally suited for these new applications. These factors make Biosensors very attractive compared to contemporary chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. A biosensor can be generally defined as a device that consists of a biological recognition system and a transducer, for signal processing, to deduce and quantity a particular analyte (Hall, 1990). Biosensors provide advanced platforms for biomarker analysis with the advantages of being easy to use, rapid and robust as well as offering multianalyte testing Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity 72 capability; however a specific biomarker is necessary. Biomarkers are molecules that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal or disease processes and pharmacologic responses to therapeutic intervention (Rusling et al., 2010). The first biosensor was reported by Clark and Lyons (1962) for glucose in blood measurement. They coupled the enzyme glucose oxidase to an amperometric electrode for PO 2 . The enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of glucose consumed O 2 and lowered PO 2 that was sensed, proportionally to the glucose concentration in the sample. The enzyme-based sensor was the first generation of Biosensors and in the subsequent years a variety of Biosensors for other clinically important substances were developed.
eBook - PDFCharacterization of Food
Emerging Methods
- Anilkumar G. Gaonkar(Author)
- 1995(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
2. BIOSENSOR DEVICE Biosensor is one unit of analytical device that uses a biological molecule to measure a biological or chemical species directly. It consists of a biological component and a transducing or signal generating component (5). A biological reaction of a specific compound occurs in the biological component. The transducing component, a transducer, detects and/or converts the reaction products such as heat, electrons, light, colors, mass, into an electronic signal. A typical biosensor can be illustrated by a glucose enzyme sensor. Figure 1 shows the schematic of a glucose enzyme sensor that uses glucose oxidase (GOD) and a hydrogen peroxide electrode. The reactions involved in the glucose determination has also been included in the figure. The enzyme is immobilized onto a membrane material such as cellulose diacetate located at the inside end of the electrode. Glucose molecules penetrate the electrode surface and react with glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide, the reaction product, is electrochemically converted into electrons. Two electrons are transported between anode and cathode per molecule of glucose oxidized. In this enzyme sensor, the immobilized glucose oxidase is the biological component providing the biological reaction (an enzymic glucose oxidation), while the electrode is the transducer which converts the reaction product into electrons and provides a signal for read-out. 2.1. Biological Component The specificity is the main reason for using these biological materials in Biosensors. Any biological materials possessing a molecule recognition function can be used in this component. They may be enzymes, antibodies, receptors, nucleic acids, organelles, microorganisms, whole cells and tissues from animal and plants. They all fall into two groups: biocatalysts and bio- binding agents.
eBook - PDF- Jon S. Wilson(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- Newnes(Publisher)
161 C H A P T E R 6 Biosensors Young H. Lee and Raj Mutharasan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University 6.1 Overview: What Is a Biosensor? Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer. A biosensor consists of two components: a bioreceptor and a transducer. The bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes the target analyte, and the transducer converts the recognition event into a measur-able signal. The uniqueness of a biosensor is that the two components are integrated into one single sensor (Figure 6.1.1). This combination enables one to measure the target analyte without using reagents (Davis et al, 1995). For example, the glucose concentration in a blood sample can be measured directly by a biosensor made spe-cifically for glucose measurement, by simply dipping the sensor in the sample. This is in contrast to the commonly performed assays, in which many sample preparation steps are necessary and each step may require a reagent to treat the sample. The simplicity and the speed of measurements that re-quire no specialized laboratory skills are the main advantages of a biosensor. Enzyme is a Bioreceptor. When we eat food such as hamburgers and french fries, it is broken down into small molecules in our body via many reaction steps (these breakdown reactions are called catabolism ). These small molecules are then used to make the building blocks of our body, such as proteins (these synthesis reactions are called anabolism ). Each of these catabolism and anabolism reactions (the combina-tion is called metabolism ) are catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Therefore, an enzyme is capable of recognizing a specific target molecule (Figure 6.1.2). This biorecogni-tion capability of the enzyme is used in Biosensors. Other biorecognizing molecules (= bioreceptors) include antibodies, nucleic acids, and receptors. Figure 6.1.1: Biosensor configuration. TRANSDUCER ANALYTE BIORECEPTOR MEASURABLE SIGNAL
eBook - PDF3D Cell-Based Biosensors in Drug Discovery Programs
Microtissue Engineering for High Throughput Screening
- William S. Kisaalita(Author)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
3 1 Biosensors and Bioassays 1.1 CONVENTIONAL Biosensors A conventional biosensor is composed of closely coupled biological sensing and signal processing elements. The biological sensing element converts a change in an immediate environment to a signal conducive to processing by the signal processing component. The characteristics of an ideal biosensor are presented in Figure 1.1 and, as shown, include specificity—especially in complex matrices; fast measurements—in millisecond ranges that are consistent with biological signaling timescales, such as the duration of a nerve cell action potential; small size—to provide portability as well as in vivo implantation capabilities; continuous measurement or reversibility—to pro-vide multiple use with little sensor regeneration or renewal; electronic processing—or integration with other devices or into larger systems; and sensitivity—in picomolar ranges that are consistent with biological detection ranges, such as concentrations of signaling molecules (e.g., cyclic AMP).
eBook - PDFIndustrial Biotechnology
Plant Systems, Resources and Products
- Mukesh Yadav, Vikas Kumar, Nirmala Sehrawat, Mukesh Yadav, Vikas Kumar, Nirmala Sehrawat(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter(Publisher)
Ashish Kumar Singh and Neelam Verma 4 Plants and plant-derived materials used for biosensor development Abstract: Biosensor, which is used for the detection of particular analytes, is an analytical device that works based on physicochemical reaction. Biosensors are promising bio-devices, which can be used as substitutes in traditional analytical methods, for rapid, easy, economical and reliable analysis. This chapter discusses the applications and development of Biosensors based on plants and plant-derived materials as biological elements. Keywords: Biosensor, plant, immobilization, transducers 4.1 Introduction The rapid, sensitive and selective detection of desired materials is important in sev-eral fields like food and bioprocessing technology, clinical analysis and environ-mental monitoring [1 – 5]. Research into the development and further growth of Biosensors has increased greatly. Unlike conventional analytical methods, biosen-sors lead to rapid, easy, economic, sensitive and selective methods to monitor and quantify the choice of analytes in real samples. In essence, a biosensor couples a recognition event or a chemical reaction by a biological entity with a transducer, which then converts this chemical reaction into a readable signal. The biological materials are immobilized onto the transducer and specifically recognize the target molecule, and the transducer system reads the chemical reaction and converts it into quantifiable data or signal. This type of combinatorial work provides an analyt-ical method that is comparable to the already-established and traditional analytical methods [6]. Biosensors are classified according to the transducer used or the transducing system. Although various transducers are used for biosensor-based detection meth-ods, the most frequently used transducers are as follows: – electrochemical transducers, e.g.
- Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
Scheller et al. [12], R.F. Taylor and J.S. Schultz [13]. Ludi et al. [14] have discussed possible applications of sensors in industry. Since both living organisms and isolated organs are selectively sensitive to agents and irritations, attempts have been made to develop artificial systems with comparable sensitivity. In these, enzymes incorporated in Biosensorshave been mainly used to mimic the recognition process [12c, 15, 161. In 1991 Schultz defined Biosensors as: Raflniertemoderne Pendants zu den Kanarienvogeln in Kohlebergwerken, deren Verhalten Hauer und Steiger vor gefahrlichen Ansammlungen von Grubengas warnte, basieren auf pflanzlichen oder tierischen Molekiilbausteinen (they are refmed modem equivalentsto the caged canary used in coal mines to warn miners of dangerous collections of methane (mine gas) and are based on vegetable or animal molecular building blocks). Biosensors and chemical sensors differ in that they employ different recognition processes. In Biosensors, natural materials are coupled to physical transducers. Excellent transducing elements are generally available, although the molecular recognition component is rarely satisfactory, owing to its short lifetime or the complexity of the signal. In chemical sensors, the recognition component is, in some cases, a fully synthetic, specially tailored molecule. The most successful chemical sensor involves incorporating valinomycin into a synthetic membrane. Since valinomycin is essentially a natural peptide, it is open to debate as to whether this may be considered to be a fully synthetic recognition model. 1.2 The Concept of Chemical and Biochemical Sensors It is not easy to distinguish clearly between a sensor and a complex analytical system. Integrated gas chromatographs, infrared and mass spectrometers may be called chemical sensors. However, a chemical sensor is typically more versatile and cheaper than traditional instrumentation. Some definitions of chemical sensor are given by ANSI, DIN, VDUVDE, ICE-Draft a.q. [17].
eBook - PDFHandbook of Food Processing
Food Preservation
- Theodoros Varzakas, Constantina Tzia, Theodoros Varzakas, Constantina Tzia(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
19.2 MICROBIAL Biosensors FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS Microbial Biosensors have been developed for assaying BOD, a value related to the total content of organic materials in wastewater. BOD sensors take advantage of the high reaction rates of micro-organisms interfaced to electrodes to measure the oxygen depletion rates. Standard BOD assay requires 5 days compared to 15 min for a biosensor-based analysis (Marty et al., 1997). The biosensor should also be stable to environmental adversaries such as heavy metal toxicity, salinity, etc. Other advances include the development of a disposable BOD sensor (Yang et al., 1996). Significant efforts have been made toward the development of a portable BOD biosensor system incorporating disposable electrodes. Miniature Clark-type oxygen electrode arrays were fabricated using thin-film technology for mass production with assured quality (Yang et al., 1997). Optical fiber (Preininger et al., 1994) and calorimetry (Weppen et al., 1991) based transducers have been used in BOD Biosensors. Microbial Biosensors have been investigated for a variety of other environmental applications (D’Souza, 2001). Halogenated hydrocarbons used as pesticides, foaming agents, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and intermediates in the polymer production are one of the largest groups of envi-ronmental pollutants. A microbial biosensor consists of a transducer in conjunction with immobilized viable or nonvi-able microbial cells. Nonviable cells obtained after permeabilization or whole cells containing peri-plasmic enzymes have mostly been used as an economical substitute for enzymes. Viable cells make use of the respiratory and metabolic functions of the cell; the analyte to be monitored being either a substrate or an inhibitor of these processes.
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