Fungal Culture

4 Key excerpts on "Fungal Culture"

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  eBook - ePub

  Fungal Genomics

  • (Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier Science

    (Publisher)

  McCluskey, 2000 ). This emphasizes the long-term nature of collections. Some collections are considered to be ‘at risk’ and there are places for such collections to look for help. Among these are the national and international federations for culture collection.

  2.1 Categories of Fungal Culture collections

  There are several categories of Fungal Culture collections. The first, and most common, is a type collection. This sort of collection emphasizes holding large numbers of species while having only a limited number of strains from an individual species. Collections of this type include the American Type Culture Collection and the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in The Netherlands.

  Another type of collection is a mission based collection such as the International Culture Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) in West Virginia, or the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms in Bordeaux, France. Collections such as this typically have a variety of strains whose biological characteristics have been cataloged without carrying out traditional genetics on the strains. Strains in collections such as this may have tremendous economic value because of their individual traits.

  Genetic culture collections, such as the Yeast Genetic Stock Center or the Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC), typically emphasize a tremendous depth in one or a few organisms. The FGSC, by way of example, holds over 5,000 mutant strains, mainly of Neurospora. Among fungi, there are relatively few genetic collections, but there are many others for research organisms, such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans or Zea mays. While these collections are focused in their emphasis, they serve a broad constituency. They are also likely to have expanded to include molecular resources and to publish materials such as genetic maps or newsletters.

  The final type of collection is the Patent Depository (also called International Depository Authorities). These are collections who agree to hold materials according the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure which was effective April 28, 1977. Briefly, this treaty was enacted to allow those seeking a patent that included a micro-organism to deposit the strain or strains in an internationally recognized repository and to hold certain rights to the strain while still allowing for the full disclosure required by the patent process. The collections that are Patent Depositories have to meet certain requirements, according to Article 7 of the Budapest Treaty. The ATCC was the first international depository, having gained approval on January 31, 1981 although the USDA Repository and ATCC have been accepting patented strains for deposit according to the rules of the United States Patent and Trademark Office since 1949. Most patent depositories are already recognized international repositories and there are 64 recognized patent depositories in operation. Many collections are actually hold several different types of collections under one roof and maintain differing degrees of separation among the subsets. For example, most Patent Depositories are established collections that hold patent strains along with their main holdings.

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  Biology of Conidial Fungi

  • Garry T. Cole(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  The culture samples may then be aseptically transferred to an appropriate growth medium. In summary, significant advances have been made in the technology of main-taining viable cultures of fungi. Many of these have been incorporated into the systematic program for storing cultures at the ATCC and other national collec-tions. The overtones of these new techniques are far-reaching. The taxonomist, for instance, may store cultures of original isolates for long periods with little or no fear of mutational changes occurring which affect morphological and/or physiological characters. Isolates of medically important fungi may be main-tained at ultralow temperatures without loss of virulence. The cost and space required for storing large numbers of fungi have been significantly reduced by eliminating the need for periodic subculturing. Cultures can be more readily provided to teaching institutions, which is one of the most important contribu-tions made by national fungal collections to the mycological community. REFERENCES Ajello, L., Georg, L. K., Kaplan, W., and Kaufman, L. (1963). Laboratory Manual for Medical Mycology, Public Health Serv. Publ. 994. National Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia. American Type Culture Collection (1980). Catalogue of Strains I, 14th ed. ATCC, Rockville, Maryland. Anastasiou, C. J. (1962). Fungi from Salton Lakes. I. A new species of Clavariopsis. Mycologia 53, 11-16. Anastasiou, C. J. (1963). Fungi from Salton Lakes. II. Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti from the Salton Sea. Nova Hedwigia 6, 243-276. 570 S. C. Jong Anastasiou, C. J., and Churchland, L. M. (1969). Fungi on decaying leaves in marine habitats. Can. J. Bot. 47, 251-257. Ark, P. A., and Dickey, R. S.(1950). A modification of the Van Tieghem cell for purification of contaminated fungus cultures. Phytopathology 40, 389-390. Bandoni, R. J., Parsons, J. D., and Redhead, S. A. (1975). Agar baits for the collection of aquatic fungi.

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  Handbook of Fungal Biotechnology

  • Dilip K. Arora(Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  40 Current Status of Fungal Collections and Their Role in Biotechnology David Smith/Matthew J.Ryan CABI Biosdence UK Centre, Egham Surrey, United Kingdom 1 INTRODUCTION The vast array of uses and properties described in this handbook is a testimony to the countless ways in which mankind has harnessed fungi. Characterization techniques have been developed continuously in recent years and new properties are being discovered at a rapid pace. Therefore, it is essential that methods for maintenance and preservation must be optimized to ensure that strains retain their full potential. The removal of an organism from its natural environment, and the subsequent manipulation that occurs through maintenance on synthetic media, while maintaining viability, may induce selection from the original population of cells isolated. Consequently, preservation of a living strain for long periods may lead to irreversible loss of properties. Thus, Fungal Culture collections must not only keep the organisms viable but also must ensure that they retain their full genetic and physiological integrity. Collections of organisms are not new; records of them being kept by individuals in public and private organizations date back to the 1800s (Sly and Kirsop 1990). There continues to be a demand for living collections and their specialist services but there is also a need for them to be better integrated and networked internationally to improve coverage and increase access. 1.1 The Biological Resource Center Culture Collections have become much more than organism repositories and many are Biological Resource Centers (BRCs) being generators of information and sources of expertise. An OECD BRC Initiative was established in 1999 to try and secure the future of microbial resource collections. Since then the definition of a BRC has broadened to include a wider range of organisms.

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  Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility

  An Introduction to Soil Mycology

  • S. D. Garrett(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Pergamon

    (Publisher)

  This is highly educative for botanically trained micro-biologists who are apt to forget that the soil fauna affects their studies. Some of the fungi produce fruiting structures, from which they can be identified, on the Cellophane; sterile mycelia can be cultured and possibly identified later. In general, Tribe's technique could be employed with any substrate, such as chitin or gelatin, that can be prepared as a thin, transparent or translucent film. M E T H O D S D E S I G N E D F O R I S O L A T I O N O F S E L E C T E D C O M P O N E N T S O F T H E SOIL F U N G A L F L O R A Up to about 1950, much of the work on soil mycology could be criticized on the grounds that the culturing of soil fungi was carried out in too general a way, and that little attention was paid to the actual substrate on which any particular species was growing. Since that time, mycologists have become much more aware of the importance of substrate distribution 90 SOIL FUNGI A N D SOIL FERTILITY within the soil; they have studied fungal colonization of selected substrates by means of techniques specially designed for the purpose. Warcup's hyphal'isolation method Although this technique (Warcup, 1955Z?, 1957) is not concerned with fungi colonizing any particular substrate, it is a selective method and hence appropriately considered here. It was designed for the isolation of fungi occurring in soil as sterile mycelia; Warcup's studies of the dilution plate method have shown that such fungi have a chance of less than 5 % of forming colonies on the dilution plate. Such fungi, when isolated, can be characterized and described; whether they can be identified as species depends upon whether they can be induced to form fruiting structures in subsequent culture. The isolation procedure is as follows. A soil crumb is allowed to become saturated with water and is then broken up with a strong jet. The heavier particles are allowed to sediment and the finer particles are poured off in suspension.

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