Secondary Sector

6 Key excerpts on "Secondary Sector"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Visualizing Human Geography

  At Home in a Diverse World

  • Alyson L. Greiner(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  Alterna- tively, we can compare the value of commodity exports to the value of merchandise exports from a country, as shown in Figure 10.2. Secondary Industry Secondary industries assemble, process, or manufacture raw or semiprocessed materials into useful products, fuels, or finished goods. Sometimes a distinction is made between heavy and light manufacturing. Heavy manu- facturing refers to the fabrication of items such as steel, nuclear fuel, chemical products, or petroleum as well as durable goods such as motor vehicles, refrigerators, and military equipment. Light manufacturing includes activities related to the assembly of clothing or small appliances such as irons or light fixtures as well as the manufacture of food products, beverages, or medical instruments. For a neat collection of maps depicting different pri- mary and secondary industries, see Where Geographers Click. The Industrial Revolution The geography of secondary industry has been dramatically shaped by technological Where Geographers CLICK Worldmapper The Worldmapper website has many cartograms available for viewing. Click on the Map Categories tab and then select Manufacturers , Food, or Goods. (Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan).) Worldmapper Territories Index Map Hover over the map to get names Types of Industry 269 materials to factories and finished goods to markets also grew denser. Thus, industrialization has been strongly associated with urbanization. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution The global dif- fusion of the system of production associated with the Industrial Revolution has occurred slowly and in three general phases. During the first phase, which ran from roughly 1760 to 1880, the Industrial Revolution diffused to Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and the Another crucial innovation was the development of the steam engine by James Watt in 1769.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Environment and Business

  • Alasdair Blair, David Hitchcock(Authors)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  7: Secondary industries: adding value and carrying the burden

  • What are the secondary industries?

  • Bringing the resources together

  • Manufacturing processes

  • Environmental implications of products after manufacture

  • Business practices

  • Some characteristics of the construction industry

  • The construction cycle

  The key conceptual shift manufacturers need to make in becoming more sustainable is to see themselves as selling services rather than goods. (Roodman, 1999)

  The secondary industries can be thought of as the manufacturing sector, the area of the economy that many regard as ‘industry’. These are the industries discussed in the majority of the literature when they talk of the environmental impacts of industry. This is not surprising since this is the sector from which much of the pollution and waste products emanate. It is also the area that many of the world’s largest companies operate in and results in the production of all the world’s tangible products—everything from oil tankers to microprocessors and from beer to heavy chemicals.

  What are the secondary industries?

  Manufacturing is the core of the secondary industries. Raw materials and components are brought together and manufactured into either an end product or a component for some other manufacturing process. In economic terms resources are transformed giving value added. So, for example, when a ton of potatoes are manufactured into a ton of potato crisps the value of the potato rises from somewhere between £70 and £120 for the potatoes at the farm gate to about £10,000 for the crisps on the supermarket shelf. An essential feature of these industries is that some tangible product results at the end of the process.

  There are a wide range of processes encompassed within the secondary industries which makes generalizations difficult. However, many of the environmental concerns surround heavy industry and those industries handling particularly hazardous, toxic or environmentally sensitive material. It is this area on which most of the literature has concentrated. Environmental groups for just these reasons have singled out the heavy chemical industry, pesticide and food processing industries for criticism. The chemical industry, oil refining and metal smelting, including the iron and steel industry, are all associated with significant amounts of waste products and pollution. All are also major users of energy. Other manufacturing industries that have close links to biological processes, such as pesticides, also affect the environment. In addition, food manufacture, the textile industry and leather tanning all have the potential to create considerable pollution of the environment. The disposal of organic wastes from these processes inevitably causes considerable disruption to ecosystems. A further industry where pollution is potentially a major problem is paper and pulp manufacture. Mills require considerable quantities of clean water but often result in the widespread pollution of rivers downstream. The secondary industries also include less controversial areas and areas which are often considered outside manufacturing per se

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Children and Primary Geography

  • Patrick Wiegand(Author)
  • 1998(Publication Date)
  • Continuum

    (Publisher)

  The animals needed special food which was expensive and they had to repay a loan from the school fund. Raising money therefore became a real and urgent task for the children and they were later able to extend their own experience by considering the economics of a 'real' farm. Understanding industrial and agricultural systems Recognizing 'that adults do different kinds of work' (AT4, level Ic) is the first step on the road to understanding 'economic activities'. The National Curriculum for geography divides these into primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Primary industry is the process whereby natural resources are obtained from the Earth. It includes fishing, agriculture, forestry, mining and quarrying. The products are collected but not processed. Secondary industry is manufacturing industry. The raw materials are changed into goods which are used either for direct sale to consumers or to other factories so that they may use the products in their own manufacturing process. Tertiary industry is the provision of services. It includes transport, whole-saling and retailing. Tertiary industry links primary and secondary industries with each other and with their customers. Many geographers also acknow-ledge a further sector: that of quaternary industry. This consists of higher-order services including education, consultancy, administration and financial services. Quite young children appear to be able to discriminate between these different types of economic activity. 10 For example, given pictures of a doctor, postal worker, police officer and football player, many children are able to place the first three together in one group and justify that grouping on the basis that these were 'people that helped you'.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Spatial Evolution of Manufacturing

  Southern Ontario 1851-1891

  • James M. Gilmour(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • University of Toronto Press

    (Publisher)

  As a general rule the longer an area had been settled the more important were the tertiary and Secondary Sectors and the less important was the primary sector. The extension of settlement was not haphazard. It was first a lat-eral movement along the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and then a vertical movement inland away from this axis. 3. In addition to time and distance, other factors were influ-encing the spatial variation in structure, for although early settled areas had the more mature structures, they themselves were not uniform, some being more mature than others. Also, there was no perfect uniformity among other simultaneously settled areas. It does seem that date of settlement and there-fore distance are important in affecting spatial variation in sturcture. But this is not the whole story. Other factors must be considered. SECONDARY MANUFACTURING Secondary manufacturing grows in response to developments in-ternal to the region. It develops as profitable opportunities are created, exploited, and realized. A widening range of profitable opportunities calls forth a widening range of industries. With time the opportunities for the introduction of each type will emerge, and accordingly, each type of manufacturing will grow. Hypo-thetically, industries will appear in a set pattern, emerging and growing as a reflection of the success of the region's export sector. Elements of primary manufacturing are related to a completely different set of circumstances and conditions. These are external to the region, and do not directly stimulate secondary manufacturing. Some primary manufacturing industries develop when interaction between external demand conditions and internal supply conditions create profitable opportunities for their introduction. Naturally, some primary manufacturing is a response to internal conditions, and even export-orientated industries will supply a varying proportion of their output to the domestic market.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Fair Economics

  Nature, money and people beyond neoclassical thinking

  • Irene Schoene(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Green Books

    (Publisher)

  Contrary to the dependency on nature we have outlined for goods in the primary sector, industrial material goods can be produced at anytime, in any quantity and in any place. From the viewing point of this sector, human dependency on nature – so typical of the primary sector – is indirect. The Secondary Sector of the economy includes all production of such commercialized merchandize. The matter of what, where and in what quantity this type of merchandize is produced seems to have become the quasi-autonomous decision of the producer. The entrepreneur has positioned himself in total control of the production process. He creates the vision for new technologies and new products. And therefore he is the one who decides how the future of society will be shaped – according to the commodities he brings to the market’. The ‘raw’ materials for his products can be bought from anywhere and shipped to any location for final production. Any industrially-manufactured article looks identical to the other. Industrial products as well as industrialized production can be standardized. On a highly technical level, the goods can be produced by machines, almost without human involvement. The manufactured merchandize is often called ’ ‘white’ and ‘brown’, and labourers who still produce them are ‘blue collar’ workers.

  Goods from the Secondary Sector can be produced and stored independently of season and well ahead of their sale with virtually no loss of quality and profit, which was a problem with primary sector goods. They can be transported to any location where the conditions of sale seem favourable. Transportation time is no longer so important. The only limiting factor is the cost.

  Advertising can now show an article, which, when paid for, will change from being owned by its producer to being owned – and hence totally controlled – by the consumer. Advertising is used to arouse consumers’ interest in buying an article. Their involvement in the economic process is limited to a choice of ready-made products.

  The more that is produced and sold, the more profit can be made. Profit can always increase, and this is the aim of the producer. How much money is made seems to be up to human industriousness alone. The more one works, the more money one can make. The lifetime of products is even perhaps artificially shortened, as only through the sale of new wares can new profits be realized. While food consumption is limited to peoples’ natural needs, money does not succumb to that law. It has no limits. It can become infinite, as Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was already aware in the 13th

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Human Geography

  People, Place, and Culture

  • Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Murphy(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  New Patterns of Economic Activity Most service industries are not tied to raw materials and do not need large amounts of energy. Market accessibility is more relevant, but advances in telecommunications have rendered even that factor less important for some types of service industries. To understand the influences that shape the location of services, it is useful to review the distinction among tertiary, quaternary, and quinary industries. Tertiary services related to transportation and communication are closely tied to pop- ulation patterns and to the location of primary and second- ary industries. Other tertiary services, such as food service and retail, are influenced mainly by market considerations. If they are located far from their consumers, they are unlikely to succeed. with lower wages. This region of the United States, which used to be called the Manufacturing Belt, came to be called the Rust Belt, evoking the image of long-abandoned, rusted-out steel factories (Fig. 12.23). Then the global economic downturn that began in 2008 resulted in job losses in communities dependent on both secondary and tertiary industries. These examples remind us that not all deindustrialized regions find their niche easily in the new service economy. It also posits that a tertiary economy, once established, does not necessarily buffer places from recessionary trends. Nonetheless, some parts of the Rust Belt have revived significantly in recent years. Moreover, a number of secondary industrial regions have transitioned to a viable service econ- omy fairly successfully. The Sun Belt is found in the southern part of the United States, stretching through the Southeast to the Southwest (Fig. 12.23). Both the population and econ- omy of this region have grown over the last few decades. Service-sector businesses have chosen to locate in places such as Atlanta and Dallas, where the climate is warm and local laws favor business interests.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book