History
The Pharmaceutical Industry
The pharmaceutical industry refers to the sector involved in the research, development, production, and marketing of drugs and medications. It has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations, but the modern pharmaceutical industry began to take shape in the 19th century with the development of synthetic drugs and the establishment of pharmaceutical companies. This industry plays a crucial role in healthcare by providing essential medications to treat and prevent diseases.
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eBook - PDFOutsourcing of R&D in the Pharmaceutical Industry
From Conceptualization to Implementation of the Strategic Sourcing Process
- Bianca Piachaud(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
1 An Overview of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry The global pharmaceutical industry is a dynamic industry, one which has evolved rapidly over the last century, and is one that is still under- going considerable transformation through advances in science and technology. It is therefore appropriate that any analysis of the industry must begin by providing an overview of the workings of the pharma- ceutical industry in general rather than to provide a snapshot of the industry at a particular point in time. In this way, the most salient features of the industry may be highlighted. 1.1 Foundations of the modern pharmaceutical industry The non-commercial aspect of compounding and dispensing new drugs far predates the modern pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacopoeia that provided systematic listings of numerous drugs for various illnesses, including associated compounding and dosage requirements existed in ancient Greece and Egypt. These medicines were resurrected in Europe in the Middle Ages and became the foundation for streams of research and medical practice throughout the nineteenth century. In many ways these treatments had the characteristics of today’s pharmaceutical offer- ings: each was part of a whole line of cures, they were administered by specialists, the dosages were indicated by the symptoms and debates existed among the experts of the day as to the correct drug and dose for a particular condition. 1 Until the mid-nineteenth century however, the marketplace did not influence the actions of incumbents and drug development was not a business. What would be called research was instead tied to religious, academic and professional organisations and was often motivated by professional and academic goals. These broad trajectories produced 5
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 6 Pharmaceutical Industry The Pharmaceutical Industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies can deal in generic and/or brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs. History The earliest drugstores date back to the Middle Ages. The first known drugstore was opened by Arabian pharmacists in Baghdad in 754, and many more soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe. By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had eventually developed into larger pharmaceutical companies. Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became mass-manufactured and distributed. Switzerland, Germany and Italy had particularly strong industries, with the UK, US, Belgium and the Netherlands following suit. Legislation was enacted to test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labelling. Prescription and non-prescription drugs became legally distinguished from one another as The Pharmaceutical Industry matured. The industry got underway in earnest from the 1950s, due to the development of systematic scientific approaches, understanding of human biology (including DNA) and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. Numerous new drugs were developed during the 1950s and mass-produced and marketed through the 1960s. These included the first oral contraceptive, The Pill, Cortisone, blood-pressure drugs and other heart medications. MAO Inhibitors, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haldol (Haloperidol) and the tranquilizers ushered in the age of psychiatric medication.
- M.N.G. Dukes(Author)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
1.4. The Various Roles of The Pharmaceutical Industry Today From its original function purely as a manufacturer and provider of medicines, The Pharmaceutical Industry has diversified into a wide range of associated activities. It has come to function among other things as an innovator, a provider of information and even education, a major employer and a significant player in the world economy. It is not the func-tion of this volume to consider whether it should ideally engage in all these fields, though some current criticisms of its activities in these areas must be noted. The present starting point is the recognition that the phar-maceutical industry has entered these and other areas, and the need to consider which rules apply or should apply to its activities when it does so, in order to ensure that the outcome is compatible with the interests of the patient and of the public at large. These issues are considered in Chapters 5–8. 1.5. Types of Industrial Firms Engaged in the Pharmaceutical Field The firms which currently make up The Pharmaceutical Industry fall broadly into two groups. The one has its preferred basis in the creation and development of entirely new drugs which can enjoy a long period of patent protection; the other is engaged mainly in the production of “generic” ver-sions of drugs which are unprotected by patent, either because they date from a much earlier era or because the patents taken out on them by their originator firms have now expired. Both types of undertaking firms can be considered to be bound morally and legally to similar standards but in some respects they must be considered separately because their range of activities differs. Some corporations within the industry are active in both areas and many also have ancillary activities, for example in wholesaling and distribution or in the manufacture of foods, breast milk substitutes or medical devices. 10 Chapter 1
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 11 Pharmaceutical Industry The Pharmaceutical Industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies can deal in generic and/or brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs. History The earliest drugstores date back to the Middle Ages. The first known drugstore was opened by Arabian pharmacists in Baghdad in 754, and many more soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe. By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had eventually developed into larger pharmaceutical companies. Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became mass-manufactured and distributed. Switzerland, Germany and Italy had particularly strong industries, with the UK, US, Belgium and the Netherlands following suit. Legislation was enacted to test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labelling. Prescription and non-prescription drugs became legally distinguished from one another as The Pharmaceutical Industry matured. The industry got underway in earnest from the 1950s, due to the development of systematic scientific approaches, understanding of human biology (including DNA) and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. Numerous new drugs were developed during the 1950s and mass-produced and marketed through the 1960s. These included the first oral contraceptive, The Pill, Cortisone, blood-pressure drugs and other heart medications. MAO Inhibitors, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haldol (Haloperidol) and the tranquilizers ushered in the age of psychiatric medication.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 10 Pharmaceutical Industry The Pharmaceutical Industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies can deal in generic and/or brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs. History The earliest drugstores date back to the Middle Ages. The first known drugstore was opened by Arabian pharmacists in Baghdad in 754, and many more soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe. By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had eventually developed into larger pharmaceutical companies. Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became mass-manufactured and distributed. Switzerland, Germany and Ital y had particularly strong industries, with the UK, US, Belgium and the Netherlands following suit. Legislation was enacted to test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labelling. Prescription and non-prescription drugs became legally distinguished from one another as The Pharmaceutical Industry matured. The industry got underway in earnest from the 1950s, due to the development of systematic scientific approaches, understanding of human biology (including DNA) and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. Numerous new drugs were developed during the 1950s and mass-produced and marketed through the 1960s. These included the first oral contraceptive, The Pill, Cortisone, blood-pressure drugs and other heart medications. MAO Inhibitors, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haldol (Haloperidol) and the tranquilizers ushered in the age of psychiatric medication.
eBook - PDF- Mickey Smith(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
A Look at The Pharmaceutical Industry in the 21st Century Stephen C. Chappell INTRODUCTION Contemplating the structure of The Pharmaceutical Industry in the 21st century would have been a relatively simple task if one had been asked to do so ten years ago, or even five years ago. A statement on the order of Please refer to the 1980s, with some minor modifications, would have addressed the subject more than adequately. But the first half of the current decade has been characterized much more by revolution than evolution in the industry, and the fruits of that revolutionary process appear likely to be the bricks and mortar that will form the bulk of the structure of the industry in the 21st century. In short, what's past is prologue doesn't seem to apply. It is, instead, what has come to be called the new reality upon which an assessment of the industry in the next century must be based. THE NEW REALITY The 1980s were glory years for The Pharmaceutical Industry, spurred by major growth in antiulcerants, antibiotics, new cardiovascular agents, and the first of the biotechnology products. But 1992 and 1993 brought a new Stephen C. Chappell, Esq., is Senior Vice President at IMS InternationaL 660 West Germantown Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462-0905. 269 270 PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING IN THE 21ST CENTURY reality to the industry. Although the new reality appeared with a rush, in retrospect, the pressures had been building for some time. Health care budgets had been growing beyond acceptable limits. While governments, generally the payers for health care (outside the United States), had been reluctant to interfere with health benefit schemes, they found that demand was increasing at a geometric rate, while they could afford to increase health care budgets only at an arithmetic rate.
eBook - PDF- Edward Bauer(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Hopefully the contents of this text will provide a new appreci-ation of how important and complex pharmaceutical packaging is, not just the traditional expectations of product protection. 2 Chapter 1 BRIEF HISTORY The global pharmaceutical business is one of the most dynamic, research-intensive, and innovative businesses in the world. Today’s pharmaceutical industry began to emerge in the mid to late 19th century as a small and unique subset of the chemical industry. For most of the 20th century, the pharmaceutical business paralleled developments in synthesis, catalysis, and manufacturing that were outgrowths of the larger chemical business. Before World War II, advances in chemistry and chemical engineering from Europe, particularly from Germany, drove both the worldwide chemical industry and the smaller pharmaceutical companies. The United States developed its own group of companies that, with only a few notable exceptions, concentrated on the U.S. market, while the Europeans, particularly the Germans, expanded abroad and also set up operations in the United States. The United States and Europe became the two centers of the chemical industry and developed in parallel, as they expanded to meet the growing demand for chemical products in the markets of concentration. Two examples of European influence on U.S. pharmaceutical companies are Pfizer and Merck, both of which have German heritage. Another example of European influence is seen in one of the largest, best-known products in the United States, aspirin, which came from Bayer 1 , another German company. In fact, aspirin was probably the first of what we would today call a blockbuster drug. At the end of World War II, the American chemical industry emerged as the dominant force in the world.
eBook - PDFGlobal Health Partnerships
The Pharmaceutical Industry and BRICA
- Mei-Ling Wang(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
In addition, the expiration of some brands in 2006, estimated to be worth $14 billion of sales, and other brands’ sales, worth $12 billion in 2007, in lipid regulators, antidepressants, platelet aggregation inhibitors, anti-emetics, and respiratory agents are expected to have had some impact on the industry. Given the imbalance in supply and demand/need, the industry will be under increasing pressure from the outside to change its operation strategy. Outsiders’ perception of the pharmaceutical sector In any discussion of the challenges facing the industry, it is important to address what outsiders perceive as the major strategy taken by the industry to maintain a robust growth level these days. These issues were The Modern Pharmaceutical Industry 63 summarized in a number of publications but the most comprehensive summary was offered by the former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, Marcia Angell, in her 2004 book The Truth about the Drug Companies. Her criticism summarizes the concerns of the public about the growth strategy employed by the industry, that is, the failure to strike a balance between a high profits goal and its public heath obligations. Problems with the cost of innovation It is widely agreed that The Pharmaceutical Industry requires a high level of innovativeness and that the industry’s efforts in generating certain innovative drugs has been quite successful in the 1990s. Yet increasingly, questions are raised as to who has really contributed to the innovativeness. It was pointed out that some of the basic research lead- ing to eventual drug development has been carried out by universities and research institutions (see SciDeve, 2008; see also Wikipedia, 2007b; Angell, 2004). Angell pointed out that one-third of drugs marketed by the major pharmaceutical companies were licensed from universities or small biotech companies and these drugs were believed to be the most innovative ones (Angell, 2004; see also Lamberti, 2001).
eBook - PDFPharmaceutical Reform
A Guide to Improving Performance and Equity
- Marc J. Roberts, Michael R. Reich(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- World Bank(Publisher)
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Sector 41 In thinking about the world pharmaceutical market, one must recognize that production takes different forms in different countries. Manufacturers in the most sophisticated nations perform the full cycle of production activ- ities: (1) manufacturing the active ingredients of medicines, (2) formulating the active ingredients into deliverable dosage forms, and (3) packaging the pills, capsules, or liquids into containers and boxes, labeled and ready for consumer sale. Production in low-income and many middle-income coun- tries usually involves only the last two stages, as active ingredients are imported, along with other materials required for formulation. Even middle- income countries that produce some active ingredients focus mostly on small molecules—that is, on relatively simple medicines. These countries tend to avoid the large molecules characteristic of biotechnology products that are difficult to manufacture, although they are becoming more involved in this area and in vaccine production. This evolution of production capacity parallels other changes in the development of the pharmaceutical sector, shown in figure 3.4: growing capacity for effective regulation, shifts from out-of-pocket to public financing and health insurance, transitions in the organization of procurement, and transformation of the businesses involved in the sales and production of medicines. These dimensions of the evolution of the pharmaceutical sector are addressed in specific chapters in this book. With the R&D-oriented companies focused on high-income markets, developing countries often have relied on other companies as their sources of medicines. Many imports into low- and middle-income markets come from other developing countries, as shown by the example of Uganda (63 percent from developing countries) in table 3.2.
eBook - ePubCulture, Class, and Development in Pakistan
The Emergence of an Industrial Bourgeoisie in Punjab
- Anita M. Weiss(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
3The Pharmaceutical IndustryThe indigenous pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is of fairly recent origin, for few firms were operating in this northwest comer of the South Asian subcontinent prior to Partition in 1947.1 Since that time, the industry has experienced three successive waves of growth, each characterized by distinctive types of entrepreneurs and accompanied by differing sociopolitical circumstances. This was followed by a fourth stage of industrial stagnation occurring during the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era. Uncertainty regarding the future came to dominate decision-making during the tenure of Zia ul-Haq’s government and continues to persist in the industry..Many of the contemporary leaders of this industry have made the transition from traditional orientations towards work and trading to modern forms of industrial management and expansion. First ushered in after Partition by men who had previously been involved in trading and who felt that there were profits to be made in repacking and manufacturing pharmaceuticals, the industry flourished. The federal government assisted the new industrialists as much as possible, largely through generous import licenses. In time, pharmaceutical professionals and other skilled workers also began to undertake production, though not simply because they thought it might be profitable but rather because they were convinced that there was a need in Pakistan for widely available locally-manufactured allopathic medicines. Thus, it was mainly by chance that the first group of pharmaceutical manufacturers entered into this industry in Pakistan. They were markedly successful in an industry in which they had no previous knowledge, helped by foreign manufacturers eager to set up joint ventures and by their own government.
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