Industrial Microbiology

10 Key excerpts on "Industrial Microbiology"

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  Pharmaceutical Microbiology

  Essentials for Quality Assurance and Quality Control

  • Tim Sandle(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Woodhead Publishing

    (Publisher)

  1

  Introduction to pharmaceutical microbiology

  Abstract

  Pharmaceutical microbiology is a specialist area of microbiology and one concerned with the use of microorganisms in pharmaceutical development and with maintaining contamination control. This chapter introduces the subject and outlines some the typical tests conducted within a pharmaceutical microbiology laboratory (such as microbial limits, sterility, endotoxin, water testing, and environmental monitoring). The chapter further considers the role of the microbiologist in relation to the pharmaceutical processing environment, and the necessary contribution that the microbiologist must make to an organization’s contamination control strategy.

  Keywords Microbiology Contamination control Pharmaceuticals Healthcare Quality control Quality assurance Good manufacturing practice.

  1.1 Introduction

  Microbiology is a biological science involved with the study of microscopic organisms. Microbiology is made up of several sub-disciplines, including: bacteriology (the study of bacteria), mycology (the study of fungi), phycology (the study of algae), parasitology (the study of parasites), and virology (the study of viruses, and how they function inside cells) [1 ]. These broad areas encompass a number of specific fields. These fields include: immunology (the study of the immune system and how it works to protect us from harmful organisms and harmful substances produced by them); pathogenic microbiology (the study of disease-causing microorganisms and the disease process (epidemiology and etiology)); microbial genetics (which is linked to molecular biology); food microbiology (studying the effects of food spoilage); and so on [2 ].

  The microbiological discipline of relevance here is pharmaceutical microbiology, an applied branch of microbiology (once considered as an off-shoot of Industrial Microbiology but now a distinct field). Pharmaceutical microbiology is concerned with the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. This is with either using microorganisms to help to produce pharmaceuticals or with controlling the numbers in a process environment. This latter concern is about ensuring that the finished product is either sterile or free from those specific strains that are regarded as objectionable. This extends through the manufacturing process, encompassing starting materials, and water. Pharmaceutical microbiologists are additionally interested in toxins (microbial by-products like endotoxins and pyrogens), particularly with ensuring that these and other “vestiges” of microorganisms (which may elicit adverse patient responses) are absent from products.

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  Essential Microbiology

  • Stuart Hogg(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  VII Microorganisms in Industry 18 Industrial and Food Microbiology Many aspects of our everyday lives are influenced in some way by micro- organisms. In previous chapters we have noted how they can cause infectious diseases as well as providing a means of curing them, and the vital role they play in the environment. In addition, they are responsible for the production of much of what we eat and drink, synthesise industrially useful chemicals and can even extract precious metals from the earth (Table 18.1). In this chapter we shall look at some of the ways in which the activities of microorganisms have been harnessed for the benefit of humans, and developed on an indus- trial scale. The first applications of biotechnology many thousands of years ago were in the production of food and drink, so it is here that we shall begin our survey. 18.1 Microorganisms and food To the general public, the association of microorganisms and food conjures up negative images of rotten fruit or food poisoning. On further reflection, some people may recall that yeast is involved in bread and beer production, but how many realise that microorganisms play a part in the manufacture of soy sauce, pepperoni and even chocolate? In the following we shall look at the contribution of microorganisms to the contents of our shopping baskets before considering one of the negative associations referred to above, the microbial spoilage of food. The production of foodstuffs as a result of microbial fermentation reactions predates recorded history. The accidental discovery that such foods were less susceptible to spoilage than fresh foods must have made them an attractive proposition to people in those far-off days. Of course, until relatively recent Essential Microbiology, Second Edition. Stuart Hogg. C  2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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  Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology

  • Ghasem Najafpour(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier Science

    (Publisher)

  Today, most biological and pharmaceutical products are produced in well-defined industrial bioprocesses. For instance, bacteria are able to produce most amino acids that can be used in food and medicine. There are hundreds of microbial and fungal products purely available in the biotechnology market. The microbial production of amino acids can be used to produce L-isomers; chemical production results in both D- and L-isomers. Lysine and glutamic acid are produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Another food additive is citric acid, which is produced by Aspergillus niger. Table 1.1 summarizes several widespread applications of Industrial Microbiology to deliver a variety of products in applied industries. The growth of cells on a large scale is called industrial fermentation. Industrial fermentation is normally performed in a bioreactor, which controls aeration, pH, and temperature. Microorganisms use an organic source and produce primary metabolites such as ethanol, which are formed during the cells' exponential growth phase. In some bioprocesses, yeast or fungi are used to produce advanced valuable products. Those products are considered as secondary metabolites, such as penicillin, which is produced during the stationary phase. Yeasts are grown for wine- and bread-making. There are other microbes such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus thuringiensis that are able to grow and use carbohydrates and organic sources originating from agricultural wastes. Vaccines, antibiotics, and steroids are also products of microbial growth. 1.2. Role of Biotechnology Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary area that governs the application of biology and chemistry in engineering sciences. In fact, it is the knowledge of the exploitation of living microorganisms and their by-products, such as enzymes, secondary metabolites, and any product from the pathway of living organisms

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  Industrial Microbiology

  An Introduction

  • Michael J. Waites, Neil L. Morgan, John S. Rockey, Gary Higton(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Part 2

  Bioprocessing

  Passage contains an image

  4

  Industrial microorganisms

  Microoorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services (Table 4.1 ). They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries.

  Traditional fermentations were originally performed (and still are in some cases) by a mixture of wild microorganisms emanating from the raw materials or the local environment, e.g. some food and alcoholic beverage fermentations. Initial attempts to improve the microorganisms involved occurred little more than 120 years ago, when they were first isolated from these processes as pure cultures from which the most useful strains were then selected. Those fermentation processes developed during the first 80 years of the 20th century have mostly used monocultures. The specific microorganisms employed were often isolated from the natural environment, which involved the random screening of a large number of isolates. Alternatively, suitable microorganisms were acquired from culture collections (see p. 78). Most of these microorganisms, irrespective of their origins, were subsequently modified by conventional strain improvement strategies, using mutagenesis or breeding programmes, to improve their properties for industrial use. Several processes developed in the last 20 years have involved recombinant microorganisms and genetic engineering technology has increasingly been used to improve established industrial strains.

  In most cases, regulatory considerations are of major importance when choosing microorganisms for industrial use. Fermentation industries often prefer to use established GRAS (generally regarded as safe) microorganisms (Table 4.2

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  Microbial Systematics

  Taxonomy, Microbial Ecology, Diversity

  • Bhagwan Rekadwad(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Qingyi et al. 2019 7 Tyndallization

  Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

  Used for the production of some food products. Lynch et al. 2017 8 Fermentation

  Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  Preparation of curd from milk, yogurt, bread and prepare the natural product of Toddy, a traditional drink without any alcoholic contamination, respectively. London et al. 2015

  Application of bacteria and fungi in pharmacology

  Pharmacology is a broad class of the field which describes the use of chemicals to treat and cure the diseases (Cintia et al. 2019). The microbial application in the pharmaceutical and health care environments is called pharmaceutical microbiology. Among the various industries, the most important microbial industry is pharmaceutical industry. It is used to develop different kinds of antibiotics for human, animal, veterinary, soil and medicinal use (Morena et al. 2016). A wide range of scope is always available in pharmaceutical microbiology. Also, the function of pharmaceutical microbiology is safe production of pharmaceutical, health care and medical devices. In the risk assessment process, it is used together with testing materials and monitoring environments and utilities.

  In pharmaceutical industry, the microorganisms are used for development of antibiotics. Entire antibiotics are originally derived from microbial metabolism (Milagre et al. 2019). In the recent decades, for enhancing the drug efficiency, genetic manipulations with various methods have been enabled. In drug development, vaccines are very important antibiotic material that are synthesized by microorganisms. The production of various clinical related antibiotics is also discovered by various microorganisms. In addition, steroids are also derived from microorganisms (Hafiza et al. 2019).

  It may be applied to the pharmaceuticals through the materials used for manufacture and various environmental sources during the process (Ramakrishnan et al. 2018). For the proliferation process, the microbes are needed in the pharmaceutical industry if conditions are favorable. All the infections of a patient not related to sterile product, whereas, a risk of the patients highly depends on non sterile products. The exact numbers and types of microbes are the key factors that need to be taken in to account.

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  BIOS Instant Notes in Microbiology

  • Simon Baker, Jane Nicklin, Caroline Griffiths(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Taylor & Francis

    (Publisher)

  SECTION G – Industrial Microbiology

  G1 Biotechnology

  Key Notes
  Biotechnology	Biotechnology is the use of living organisms in technology and industry. Prokaryotes have been exploited for many years in the manufacture of food and other useful products. For large- scale applications, prokaryotes are grown in fermenters using batch, fed-batch or continuous-culture processes.
  Gene technology and biotechnology	The efficient production of some proteins and chemicals can only be carried out by mutant or recombinant microorganisms. Gene technology provides a means of providing virus-free human proteins, as well as the overexpression of useful enzymes from extremophiles.
  Bioremediation	The biodeterioration of man-made compounds by microbes can be a problem (e.g. in the case of paints and plastics) or a benefit when it comes to cleaning up the environment. Bioremediation is the use of microbes to treat waste water and soil where unacceptable levels of pollutants have accumulated. Even highly toxic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be metabolized by some Bacteria.
  Related topics	(D3 ) Large-scale and continuous culture	(F11 ) Plasmids continuous culture

  Biotechnology

  Microorganisms have been used to make a wide variety of products for many thousands of years, but lately this has been called biotechnology. In order to produce products or intermediates, microbes are grown in large vats (fermenters) protected from contamination and changes in pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Industrial fermenters vary in size from a few liters to several thousand liters (see Section D3

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  Applied Molecular Biotechnology

  The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering

  • Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Iqrar Ahmad Khan, Debmalya Barh, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Iqrar Ahmad Khan, Debmalya Barh(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  The main focus of the environmental biotechnologist is to preserve the natural ecosystem by developing methods to minimize the adverse impact of urbanization and human intervention on our planet (Heggie L and Halliday KJ, 2005; Grünhage H and Haene HD, 2008; Uttara S et al., 2012; Arabi U et al., 2013; Cruz-Cruz CA et al., 2013). Microbes and environment The natural environment (soil, water, and air) has a number of microbial communities apart from the plants and animals that inhabit this planet. The study of different microbial communities and their physiological features, chemical, and biological properties is the main scope of environmental microbiology. The subject deals with the study of microbes in the natural ecosystem and in man-made ecosystems (such as bioreactors) for tapping the commercial potential of these organisms. Planet Earth is covered by different ecosystems and different climatic conditions in which microbial fauna are omnipresent. The known microbial species are less than 1% of the total actual microbes existent on earth. Microbes show their endless tolerance to extremity by growing in unfavorable environments such as high temperatures, salt Biotic component Abiotic component Sun light Temperature Air Water Microbes Plants Animals Figure 23.2 Interaction of biotic and abiotic components. 533 Chapter twenty-three: Environmental biotechnology concentrations, alkaline, and acidic conditions. Microbial communities have a special importance in biogeochemical cycles. Their effects on the environment can be beneficial or harmful or as perceived by human need, based on observation and manipulation using biotechnological tools. They participate in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, in oxygen production, biomass control, and biodegrading dead matter in the environ-mental niche they occupy.

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  E-Z Microbiology

  • Barron's Educational Series, Rene Kratz(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Barrons Educational Services

    (Publisher)

  Distilled spirits are made from a variety of fermented foods. For example, vodka is made from fermented potatoes, tequila is made from fermented agave, and rum is made from fermented molasses. Once fermentation is complete, the alcohol is distilled.

  Industrial Microbiology

  Industrial Microbiology utilizes microorganisms to produce useful products on a large scale. Since its origins in the production of beer and wine, Industrial Microbiology has expanded to include the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, enzymes, biofuels, and other chemicals. Originally, Industrial Microbiology was used to produce large quantities of compounds that were naturally made by microbes. For example, microbes that naturally make the fermentation product acetone, which is needed to make gunpowder, helped the Allies win World War I. Today, recombinant DNA technology (Chapter 8 ) has given rise to the field of microbial biotechnology, which engineers microbes to make compounds that they would not normally make. Examples of compounds made by Industrial Microbiology are given in Table 15.4 .

  TABLE 15.4. Selected Products Made by Industrial Microbiology

  The microbes used for Industrial Microbiology are typically yeasts, molds, and some bacteria, particularly the actinomycetes Streptomyces. The most important concern in choosing microbes for the production of commercial products is yield . After a microbe has been selected or engineered to make a product, further work is done to choose the strain that makes the most product per volume of culture medium. The selected microbes may be exposed to mutagens to cause changes in their DNA and then grown in conditions that favor strains that have the desired qualities. For example, the original strain of Penicillium

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  Agricultural and Food Microbiology

  • Khushboo Chaudhary, Pankaj Kumar Saraswat(Authors)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER1 1. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY The study of microbes or microorganisms is called microbiology. The microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. Some examples of microbes are as follows: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and some are parasites (helminths). Some are pathogenic and some are not. Most bacterial species cannot cause disease Beneficial Role of Microbes • Production of antibiotics and foodstuffs. • Decompose organic waste. • Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone. • Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread. Ancient Microbiology Ancient people recognized many factors involved in diseases. Most ancient people documented that some diseases are communicable, for example: When black death struck Europe entire villages were abandoned in an effort to escape the highly infectious plague (1347 A.D). No medical knowledge existed in Medieval England to cope with the disease. The Romans were a Agricultural and Food Microbiology 2 hygienic bunch and were concerned with health and cleanliness (waste and sewage). The Romans invented the first underground sewage system. The Romans understood that sewage could cause disease, therefore, decided to build an underground sewage system which is an idea we still use today. A network of pipes brought clean water into the city of Rome and removed waste. Waste flushed from the latrines flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system and thence into a nearby river or stream. The public bath houses were the place where people went to socialize and do business as well as getting clean. History of Microbiology First microbes were observed in 1673. Robert Hooke- in 1665 reported that living things were composed of cells. The compound microscope and illumination system are his.

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  Visualizing Microbiology

  • Rodney P. Anderson, Linda Young, Kim R. Finer(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  The complex interactions of microorganisms with their physical surroundings and with other organisms are the focus of microbial ecology. This discipline examines the abundance and distribution of microorganisms and the factors influencing these parameters. As you recall from Chapter 1, microbes have had an enormous impact on the evolution of life on Earth (see Remember This!). Although we often empha- size the pathogenic role of microbes, examining their actions within natural habitats reminds us that most microorganisms are beneficial and essential to personal (Figure 24.1) and global health. 24.1 Microbial Ecology FIGURE 24.1 Beneficial bacterium A patient’s inoperable tumor is injected with spores of Clostridium sporogenes. As the spores grow within the tumor, their secreted enzymes activate the separately injected pro-drug, unleashing a powerful treatment only at the tumor site and preventing damage of surrounding healthy tissue. Inoperable tumor RIGHT BSIP/Getty Images Think Critically Clostridium sporogenes is an anaerobic bacterium. How does this contribute to its survival within a solid tumor? 648 CHAPTER 24 Environmental and Industrial Microbiology FIGURE 24.2 Interactions between organisms in a prairie habitat Researchers examining a prairie soil habitat can use the ecological hierarchy to focus on the different processes and organismal interactions to better understand the relationships between living organisms and between the organisms and their environment. MICROBIOLOGY INSIGHT O O 2 CO 2 CO CO 2 2 N 2 CO CO 2 2 Bacteria Mycorrhizal fungus Protozoan Actinomycetes Nematode Arthropods Sand Sand Silt Silt Clay Clay Water Water Bacteria Mycorrhizal fungus Protozoan Actinomycetes Root Nematode Increasing ecological complexity O 2 CO 2 N 2 O 2 CO 2 N 2 O 2 CO 2 N 2 1. Individual Researchers studying individual organisms analyze nutritional needs, tolerance limits of physical conditions, and other unique features of an organism such as this soil bacterium.

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