Biological Sciences
Microbial Inoculation
Microbial inoculation refers to the intentional introduction of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, into a specific environment. This process is commonly used in agriculture, bioremediation, and fermentation to enhance plant growth, degrade pollutants, or produce various products. By introducing beneficial microorganisms, microbial inoculation can help improve the overall health and function of ecosystems and industrial processes.
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9 Key excerpts on "Microbial Inoculation"
eBook - PDF- Gupta, Rajan Kumar(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Daya Publishing House(Publisher)
Although these concepts and associated methodologies hold considerable promise, they also have limitations. For example, the main limitation in using microbial inoculants is the problem of reproducibility and lack of consistent results. Unfortunately certain microbial cultures have been promoted by their suppliers as being effective for controlling a wide range of soil-borne plant diseases and some suppliers have suggested that their particular microbial inoculant is a kin to a pesticide that would suppress the general soil microbial population while increasing the population of a specific beneficial microorganism. One might speculate that if all of the microbial cultures and This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. inoculants that are available as marketed products were used some degree of success might be achieved because of the increased diversity of the soil microflora and stability that is associated with mixed cultures. While this, of course, is a hypothetical example, the fact remains that there is a greater likelihood of controlling the soil microflora by introducing mixed, compatible cultures rather than single pure cultures (Higa, 1991). Even so, the use of mixed cultures in this approach has been criticized because it is difficult to demonstrate conclusively which microorganisms are responsible for the observed effects, how the introduced microorganisms interact with the indigenous species, and how these new associations affect the soil/plant environment. Thus, the use of mixed cultures of beneficial microorganisms as soil inoculants to enhance the growth, health, yield, and quality of crops has not gained widespread acceptance by the agricultural research establishment because conclusive scientific proof is often lacking.
eBook - ePub- Michael C. Flickinger(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
where the phenotype represents the desired attribute (accumulation of biomass or a valuable product of that biomass), the genotype represents the collection of metabolically useful genes and associated gene products, and the environment provides a system (principally a fermenter) of control over gene expression, that is, growth and product formation. At some point in the fermentation development program, the biotic and abiotic elements must be linked; this will be defined as the supply of consistent biomass to the fermenter plus growth medium. The growth and productive phases of fermentation are, of course, the subject of intense investigatory work; much has been written about the strict control requirements of the fermenter system, including the response of the microorganism to the nutritional and environmental factors. However, the requirements for the inoculum and the influence the inoculum can have on the outcome of the fermentation has received only scant attention (in terms of literature citations). A detailed assessment of the effect of the inoculum on microbial productivity can be justified, particularly in the case of nonrecombinant microorganisms, on the basis that commercially useful microbes will be isolated directly or indirectly from an ecosystem very remote from the fermentation laboratory, where the influences on growth are unknown.33.1.1 Microbial Ecology
The microbial metabolic attribute to be exploited has evolved as a result of environmental influences unknown to the fermentation scientist. There is a case to be made for the basic ecology of the microorganism to be understood prior to culture preservation and inoculum preparation. A simple classification of organisms isolated from soil provides a loose context against which culture maintenance and development may be defined; soil organisms may be divided into two basic categories (1, 2), the attributes of which are summarized in the following:1. Indigenous, or autochthonous species, which have lower reproductive rates and are specialized for a particular habitat or more complex/intractable substrate. These are known as K strategists and include ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and some actinomycetes.2. Invaders, or allochthonous species, which have high reproductive rates and tend to function as pioneer species utilizing simple soluble substrates. The zymogenous fungi within this group include the sugar-fungi Mucor, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Aspergillus
eBook - ePubSustainable Horticulture
Microbial Inoculants and Stress Interaction
- Musa Seymen, Ertan Sait Kurtar, Ceknas Erdinc, Ajay Kumar(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Chapter 10Use of microbial inoculants against biotic stress in vegetable crops: physiological and molecular aspect
Hasan Can1 , Unal Kal2 , Necibe Kayak2 , Yesim Dal2 and Onder Turkmen1 ,2,1 Eregli Faculty of Agriculture, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey,2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, TurkeyAbstract
Today, alternative control methods less harmful than chemical control methods are sought against diseases that cause serious yield losses in crops. Biological disease control agents are in the spotlight of many researchers as a promising approach in this regard. These agents, which are increasingly used as biological fertilizers, are widely used in the field of vegetable cultivation. The biological control activity of these microorganisms depends on the functioning of their complex physiological and molecular mechanisms in harmony. This harmony between plants and microorganisms appears as the ultimate result of millions of years of improvement and has started an invisible but endless belowground warfare. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the details of the symbiotic agreements between the microorganisms involved in this warfare and the plants and to bring together in detail the combat tools and equipment used by the microorganisms against the pathogens. In this chapter, information about current microorganisms applied to vegetables was presented by bringing together detailed physiological and molecular explanations about the action mechanism of their symbiosis and pathogen biocontrol activity. It is a recent update that starts with explaining communication between microorganisms, plants, and pathogens, continues explaining the regulation of related gene expression, includes explaining physiological responses, and also includes current practices on vegetables based on families.
- Carlos Ricardo Soccol, Ashok Pandey, Christian Larroche(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
As a result of this purposeful research, a number of immunological, diag-nostic, prophylactic, curative, hormonal, and stimulating bioproducts were prepared and applied in the fields of human and veterinary medicine (Hosoya et al. 1998). Mankind successfully fights a lot of infectious diseases by means of bacterial and viral vaccines nowadays (Hu and Ochi 2001). Microbiological science is also impor-tant for agriculture because of its application in forage and silage preparation. With the help of microorganisms, soil fertility can be improved and the processes of bio-synthesis and plant bioconservation can be regulated and directed. Microorganisms are widely applied in the food-processing industry for preparation of new foodstuffs; for improvement and preservation of food flavor, taste, and digestibility; and for pro-tein and carbohydrate synthesis (Vinci and Byng 1999). The process of preservation of a variety of foods is performed by microorganisms. Microorganisms are also used in the chemical and pharmacological industry for preparation of different organic compounds, such as organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, alcohols, vinegar, 2.4.1.1 Subcultivation ...................................................................... 38 2.4.1.2 Under Mineral Oils .............................................................. 40 2.4.1.3 Water and Water–Salt Solutions .......................................... 40 2.4.1.4 Preservation through Drying ............................................... 40 2.4.1.5 Vacuum Drying .................................................................... 41 2.4.2 Cryobiological Methods for Conservation and Preservation of Microorganisms .............................................................................. 41 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................
eBook - PDF- Preethi Kartan(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
Another success-limiting factor in the universal utilization of microbial inoculant in agriculture is the variability in shelf-life. It is a serious challenge maintaining viability of microbes present in microbial inoculant formulations (Callaghan, 2016). The viability of microbes in inoculated seeds varied significantly with treatment method and storage temperature. Extended survival of microbial inoculants at ambient storage conditions is recommended for microbial inoculant to become part of the mainstream agriculture. More-also, as reported by (Callaghan, 2016), the cost of maintaining the viability of both seeds and the microbes during storage is very high. Furthermore, the use of some microbial inoculants as biocontrol agents can be highly risky. This is because some microbial biocontrol agents have been reported toxic and pathogenic to non-target organisms (Cuddeford and Kabaluk, 2010). Microbial Inoculants for Improving Crop Quality and Human Health .... 351 CONCLUSION Food production by the use of microbial inoculants is a viable alternative to destructive health effects caused by consumption of food produce by the use of agrochemicals such as pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, etc. The knowledge of the mechanisms of actions employed by microbial inoculants will play a vital role in their use in sustainable agriculture. Use of chemicals in agriculture can be avoided and thus they can be removed from human diets. Pest and weed control can be achieved by employing microbial inoculants as bio-control agents and bio-herbicides. Harnessing natural resources including beneficiary microorganisms is one of the most effective approaches to improving farm productivity and food quality in a sustainable way. Microbial inoculant technology will ensure healthy food security for the future population.
eBook - PDF- Preethi Kartan(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
Still, in some specific circumstances it can be very profitable to enhance the number of the bacteria or rise the population of the bacteria by either injecting them in the soil or by applying a number of agricultural management methods that are capable of increasing the abundance and the activity of the microorganisms in the soil. Even though the plant physiologists occasionally create an understanding of the soil as merely a source of the food material and nutrients to the plants, it is, in fact, a very complicated ecosystem that has been hosting The Soil Microorganism: An Overview 69 bacteria, fungi, protists, and several other animals. Plants display a varied series of communications with these microorganisms who live in soil. These communications or interactions consist of the full range of the ecological possibilities of the interactions. The interaction between a plant and a microorganism can be competitive, manipulative, unbiassed, commensal, and mutualistic in nature. All over the field of modern plant science, most of the studies that have been focused on these interactions have emphasized on increasing the effects of the pathogen on the plant. The pathogenic effects are, for example, herbivory and infection, or diminishing the presence of the abiotic pressure conditions. Yet, there has also been long-lasting curiosity in describing the optimistic ecological communication or interactions that enhance plant growth. For example, mycorrhizal fungi, along with the bacteria present in modulated leguminous plants were both identified as the root symbionts from the beginning of the second half of 19th century. Figure 4.1: Soil microorganisms are extremely important for the enhancement of the soil quality as well as retainment of the natural texture of the soil. Source: https://c.pxhere.com/photos/7d/f5/mold_nature_slime_natural_ old_fungus_fungi_mildew-1024879.jpg!d
eBook - PDF- Pierre Davet(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
A novel step was achieved with conceptualisation of possible reinforcement of natural communities or remediation of their insufficiency by introducing into the soil microbial populations selected and multiplied on an industrial scale. Several problems must nevertheless be resolved before satisfactory results can be achieved. One is the choice of criteria which would allow selection of efficacious individuals posing no danger for the environment. Other problems concern production, formulation and conditions of application of these biological products. CHOICE OF MICROORGANISMS Microorganisms are first selected for their capability of fulfilling the function assigned to them. But for a microorganism whose behaviour is satisfactory under laboratory conditions to be retained, it must necessarily remain effective in the complex environs where it will be used. Subjected to intense competition, it has to survive. Obviously, its success under this competition ; l.liflf-t€f ; Utilisation of Auxiliary Microorganisms 325 should not be due to toxins dangerous to public health and excessive competitiveness not result in an upset of the natural equilibria. Lastly, use of a biological preparation must find a place in the technical route without jeopardising the ensemble of other practices. Efficiency Criteria The selection process involves exploitation of the variability of species and choosing the most promising strain from a collection as large as possible. Hence it is necessary to first prospect intensively for microorganisms preferably in places where chances of finding them are maximal: biodegraders in polluted soil, antagonists in the rhizosphere of healthy plants, nitrogen-fixing symbionts in nodules etc. The trickiest problem is defining the criteria according to which a given strain is declared superior to others. The ideal practice would be to compare all the in their actual conditions of use but this is generally impossible for various reasons of place, time and labour.
- (Author)
- 1989(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Definition is needed but use of broad management -432- The literature on the effects of microbes introduced on plant ma- practices to favor the development of beneficial organisms in the rhi- zosphere has a legitimate place in the field of plant health (Cook and Baker, 1983). Current interest in modifying the rhizosphere with selec- tive nutrient amendments is an extension of the use of cultural methods for rhizosphere modification (Van Gundy and Schroth, personnel communi- cation). Application of nisms to plants is a (Schroth and Hancock consistent biocontro of damping-off where ndividual strains of rhizosphere inhabiting orga- promising area of research in biological control 1981). However, the most clearly effective and to date has been with seed treatments and control efficacy in many cases is equal to the very best fungicides (Harman et al., 1981; Howell and Stipanivic, 1980; Martin and Hancock, 1987; Veselg and Hejddnek, 1984). There are still many important questions such as better defining the environmental limita- tions of these control activities, mechanisms of activity, practical production of inoculum and it's longevity, genetic variation of isola- tes, strain genetic stability, practical delivery methods, m., before we can expect commercial development. Spatially and temporally focused biological control systems, such as with damping-off or the already commercially available crown-gall biological control system, have the best chance of immediate development and application (Schroth and Hancock, 1981). The process of colonization of the rhizosphere by beneficial or- ganisms is poorly understood. Direct microscopic observations indicate that rhizoplane colonization by bacteria is surprisingly sparce, with no more than 2 to 8 % of the root surface colonized (Rovira et al., 1983).
eBook - PDFBeneficial Plant-microbial Interactions
Ecology and Applications
- M. Belén Rodelas González, Jesús Gonzalez-López, M. Belén Rodelas González, Jesús Gonzalez-Lopez, M. Belén Rodelas González, Jesús Gonzalez-Lopez(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
In the case of the microcosm, the different environments will correspond to different soils, and in the case of the field, to different locations. The last step will be large-scale field trials in several locations or environments. In this step, several formulations (carrier × additives) will be tested. This is the last step before the release of a successful inoculant to the market. The Inoculants Based in Autochthonous Microorganisms as a Source for Local Development The success of autochthonous microorganisms as inoculants for crops is an opportunity to create local companies that, providing they reach the minimum level of business, can be profitable and contribute to the local development. Important efforts in research have been made, not only for the development of first-generation biofertilizers based in autochthonous bacteria, but also for the development of second-generation biofertilizers in several crops. For example, in the Dominican Republic, Marcano et al. (2011) isolated bacteria from surface-sterilized plant roots of organic The Strategy of Autochthonous Microorganisms for Biofertilizers 319 banana plantations of cv. Cavendish ( Musa acuminata group AAA), in four areas of the country with high production of organic banana (Mao, Azua, Montecristi and Dajabón provinces). The isolated bacteria mostly belonged to the genera Pseudomonas , in the species P. taiwanensis and P. mosselii , but they also found some species of other genera like Bacillus , Serratia, Citrobacter and Rhizobium , although the last belongs to the plant pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter . Several isolates of P. taiwanensis and P. mosselii were assayed in plants. They used to inoculate banana plantlets produced in vitro , in order to improve the production of plants in the nursery, during the acclimatization and subsequent phases before the plant was transplanted in the field. Some strains produced a more vigorous and faster growth.
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