Biological Sciences
Parvovirus
Parvovirus is a small, single-stranded DNA virus that can infect a wide range of animals, including humans. It is known for causing diseases such as fifth disease in humans and parvoviral enteritis in dogs. Parvovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids.
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10 Key excerpts on "Parvovirus"
- Helga Rübsamen-Schaeff, Helmut Buschmann, Helga Rübsamen-Schaeff, Helmut Buschmann, Raimund Mannhold, Jörg Holenz(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
12 ssDNA-Viruses: Human Parvovirus InfectionSusanne ModrowInstitute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany12.1 Introduction
Single-stranded DNA-viruses are classified into the families of Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Anelloviridae. All these viruses are characterized as small, non-enveloped particles with genomes of 1.7–2.1 kilo bases (1000 bases) (kb) (Circoviridae), 2.0–3.9 kb (Anelloviridae), and 4.0–6.0 kb (Parvoviridae) [1 –3 ]. With respect to anelloviruses, various species of Torque-teno-, Torque-teno-midi- and Torque-teno-mini-viruses (TTV, TTMDV, TTMV) have been identified to persist in vertebrates including humans, but diseases have been associated neither with acute infection nor with persistence [4 –6 ]. Circoviruses are well-known pathogens of livestock and animals: human-associated circoviral DNA-sequences could be amplified from various samples and excretions from patients as well as from healthy humans [7] . With respect to Parvoviruses, several species are well-known risk factors for fetal health both in livestock and pets, e.g. porcine Parvovirus, canine minute virus, and feline panleukopenia virus. Two parvoviral species, human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus (HBoV), are recognized as human pathogens and will be discussed in this chapter.12.2 Classification
The family of Parvoviridae comprises viruses characterized by small (lat. parvus = small), non-enveloped particles with a diameter of 20–28 nm containing a linear single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecule of about 5000–6000 nucleotides. Parvovirus B19 (primate erythroParvovirus 1, B19V) and human bocavirus (primate bocaParvovirus HBoV 1, 2) occur within the subfamily Parvovirinae, genera Erythroparvo- and BocaParvovirus, respectively. During the past years, several other Parvoviruses have been isolated from humans, including Parvovirus 4 (PARV4), human bufavirus (BuV), cutavirus (CutaV), and tusavirus (TusaV) [8 , 9 ]. Until now, their clinical significance and association with human diseases remain unclear. Furthermore, most humans are infected with adeno-associated virus (AAV), members of the genus DependoParvovirus, without developing symptoms. Whereas AAV-replication is dependent on concurrent infection of the cells by adeno- or herpesviruses, all other human Parvoviruses are not dependent on helper-viruses and replicate autonomously. Parvovirus B19 displays a preference to infect erythroid precursor cells; the tropism of human bocavirus is targeted to cells of the respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract [10 –12
eBook - ePub- Richard L. Hodinka, Stephen A. Young, Benjamin A. Pinksy, Richard L. Hodinka, Stephen A. Young, Benjamin A. Pinksy(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- ASM Press(Publisher)
The name is derived from the Latin word “parvus,” meaning “small,” as befitted their appearance on electron microscopy. The Parvovirus genome consists of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecule of approximately 5,000 bases. As would be expected of such a small genome, Parvoviruses have a relatively simple replication strategy compared to viruses with larger more complex genomes. Unlike other more complex DNA viruses, Parvoviruses are unable to stimulate the cellular division needed for replication and therefore require actively dividing cells to infect. Exceptions to this requirement are the AAVs, which are incapable of independent replication and require the aid of a helper virus, typically an adenovirus, or less commonly a herpesvirus, to complete their replicative cycle (2). The replicative strategy of the autonomous Parvoviruses varies among the many viruses but generally follows a pattern of transcription of two non-structural (NS) proteins involved in control of replication from the left side of the genome and structural VP proteins from the right side of the genome (3). One unusual aspect of Parvovirus replication is the ability of some Parvoviruses, including human Parvovirus B19, to encapsidate both positive and negative strands of the genomic ssDNA. Another noteworthy feature of these viruses is that although their genomes are replicated by host cell polymerases, they appear to have relatively high mutation and recombination rates, a characteristic that has been attributed to the single-stranded configuration of their genomes (3). This mutability may play a role in the appearance of Parvoviruses with expanded host ranges. For example, canine Parvovirus type 2, the causative agent of a serious infection of dogs, is believed to have arisen in the 1970s as a result of the mutation of feline panleukopenia virus via an intermediate wild carnivore host (4)
eBook - PDF- Esteban Domingo, Robert G. Webster, John F. Holland(Authors)
- 1999(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
C HA P T E R 16 Parvovirus Variation and Evolution Colin R. Parrish and Uwe Truyen INTRODUCTION TO ParvovirusES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Parvoviruses comprise a family of small viruses that have a non-enveloped capsid that contains a linear single-stranded DNA genome of between 4500 and 5250 nt. The viruses are very widely distributed in nature and they infect many different vertebrate and invertebrate hosts (Cotmore and Tattersall, 1987; Murphy et al., 1995). The two subfamilies within the family Parvoviridae are the Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrate hosts, and the Densovirinae, which infect invertebrates. Within the Parvovirinae the three recognized genera are the Parvoviruses (autonomous Parvoviruses including various rodent Parvoviruses, the Parvoviruses of carni- vores including canine Parvovirus (CPV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and Aleutian mink disease virus (ADV)); the erythroviruses (human B19 virus and related viruses of pri- mates; and the dependoviruses (adeno-associat- ed viruses (AAV) of humans and other hosts, which primarily replicate in cells that are co- infected with an adenovirus or herpesvirus). In the Densovirinae the three genera are Densovirus, Iteravirus and Brevidensovirus. Densovirinae infect many different invertebrate hosts from the class Insecta, including members of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera. Poorly characterized Parvoviruses appear to infect members of the order Decapoda (shrimps and prawns) from the class Crustacea. The Parvoviruses are genetically simple and have between one and three transcriptional pro- moters depending on the particular virus. Through a variety of strategies those give rise to messages for between one and four non-struc- tural proteins, and between two and four capsid proteins.
eBook - PDF- Dongyou Liu(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
831 75.1 INTRODUCTION 75.1.1 C LASSIFICATION , M ORPHOLOGY , AND E PIDEMIOLOGY Human Parvovirus B19 was identified in 1975 [1] and clas-sified as a member of the Parvoviridae family in 1985. The members of the large family of Parvoviridae , common ani-mal and insect pathogens, were the smallest DNA-containing viruses able to infect mammalian cell until the recent iden-tification of circoviruses [2]. The Parvoviridae family is currently divided into two subfamilies, Parvovirinae and Densovirinae based on their ability to infect vertebrate or invertebrate cells, respectively. Parvovirinae subfamily is divided into three genera according to the ability to replicate autonomously (genes Parvovirus ), with helper virus (genes Dependovirus ), or efficiently and preferentially in eryth-roid cells (genus Erythrovirus ). Parvovirus B19 is the only accepted member of the genus Erythrovirus [3]. For almost three decades Parvovirus B19 has been described as the only member of the Parvoviridae family, able to infect and cause illness in humans. This statement was correct until 2005 when a group from Sweden identified a new virus named Bocavirus as a member of Parvoviridae family associated with upper and lower respiratory tract disease and gastroen-teritis in humans [4,5]. Parvovirus B19 is a small and simple virus composed of a nonenveloped capsid of 22–24 nm in diameter. The genome of Parvovirus B19 consists of a single DNA strand of 5596 nucleotides, composed of an internal coding region of 4830 nucleotides flanked by terminal palindromic sequence of 383 nucleotides. These palindromes can acquire a hairpin con-figuration and serve as primers for complementary strand synthesis. The genome encodes two structural proteins, VP1 (nucleotides 2444–4786) and VP2 (nucleotides 3125–4786), as well as a major nonstructural protein NS1 (nucleotides 436–2451) [6–8].
eBook - PDFPerspectives in Medical Virology, vol. 1
Perspectives in Medical Virology, vol. 1
- Brian Evans(Author)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
445 CHAPTER 10 Parvo, papova and adenovirus infections 10.1. Parvoviridae 10. I . I . THE VIRUS The Purvoviridue is a family composed of the smallest, diameter 18-27 nm, animal DNA viruses. It is divided in three genera called Parvovirus, densovirus (infecting insects) and adeno-associated virus (AAV). The genome is a single stranded, infec- tious DNA of M.W. 1.5-2.5 x lo6surrounded by probably 32 capsomers composed of three different polypeptides. The virus particles have no envelope and are res- istant to heat and to solvents like ether and chloroform, and are generally stable at pH 3-9. Parvoviridae can be subdivided into autonomous and defective viruses. AAV are defective viruses requiring adenovirus as a helper for viral multiplication and have been isolated from adenovirus preparations (Hoggan et al., 1966). Defec- tive virus seems to contain complementary DNA strands in different virus particles, while autonomous virus only contains the DNA strands complementary to virus mRNA. The properties of parvoviridae have been reviewed by Tattersall and Ward (1978). 10. I .2. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND REPLICATION The multiplication of Purvoviridue requires either that the cells are in S-phase (auto- nomous Parvovirus) or the presence of a helper DNA virus (defective Parvovirus). Adenovirus and, to some extent, herpes simplex virus can function as helpers. The dependence on S-phase or helper virus indicates that the small Parvovirus genome 446 is heavily dependent on cellular functions for its replication. After adsorption, which is pH-dependent, virus is transported to the cell nucleus for replication. Virus DNA replicates in the nucleus and has palindromic ends allowing hair-pin struc- tures to be formed. These hairpin structures serve as primers for the initiation of replication and are later cleaved by an endonuclease. About 90% of the genome is transcribed into RNA, which is cleaved and spliced giving several mRNA species with partly identical sequences.
eBook - PDFVertebrate Animal and Related Viruses
DNA Viruses
- Edouard Kurstak, Christine Kurstak, Edouard Kurstak, Christine Kurstak(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
ISBN 0-12-429703-X 4 Edouard Kurstak and Peter Tijssen C. Bovine Infections 52 D. Canine Infections 52 E. Goose Infections 53 F. Rodent Infections 54 IX. Transmission and Epizootology 55 X. Immunity, Vaccination, Prevention, and Control 56 References 57 I. INTRODUCTION The smallest DNA-containing animal viruses, the Parvoviridae, have been discovered mainly during the last two decades. Some of these agents were related to a sometimes fatal disease, others were associated with adenoviruses, but most were at the time of discovery not etiologically related to a definite disease. Initial interest arose mainly with the discovery that these virions encapsidate a single-stranded DNA. This finding raised the question of how single-stranded DNA viruses are replicated in eukaryotic cells. More recently, however, Parvoviruses have been associated with economically and hygienically important diseases. For earlier reviews on various aspects of the Parvoviruses, the reader is re-ferred to Toolan (1968) (biological aspects of these viruses); Hoggan (1971) (physicochemical and comparative aspects); Rose (1974) (comprehensive review, with emphasis on adenovirus-associated viruses); Siegl (1976) (autonomously replicating vertebrate Parvoviruses); Kurstak et al. (1977a) (insect Parvoviruses); Kurstak and Tijssen (1977) (human Parvoviruses); Andrewes et al. (1978) and Toolan and Ellem (1979) (overview of parvovirology, with emphasis on mor-phogenesis and replication); Berns and Hauswirth (1979) (molecular biology of adenovirus-associated viruses). In this chapter, we will deal first with the general physicochemical, biological, antigenic, and serological properties of the vertebrate animal Parvoviruses. Sub-sequently, we will discuss in more detail the infection and replication mecha-nisms and the pathogenesis of these viruses. Finally, we will cover the aspects of diagnosis, epizootiology, prevention, and control.
eBook - PDF- Nicholas H. Acheson(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Typically parvo- viruses will infect cells of the intestine, the hematopoietic Multimerization DNA-binding Helicase Coiled-coil NTP-binding Nuclear localization Zn-finger Figure 20.7 Functional domains in adeno-associated virus Rep78 protein. The protein is shown with the N-terminus at the left and the C-terminus at the right. NTP nucleoside triphosphate. Parvoviruses 245 system, and the fetus. Several Parvoviruses of animals are responsible for serious diseases. Canine Parvovirus infects puppies and causes disease and death. Feline panleukopenia virus, as the name suggests, affects blood formation in cats. Other Parvoviruses that are not KEY TERMS Aplastic crisis Erythema infectiosum Erythroid precursors Hemolytic anemia Nonpermissive cells Oncotropism Panleukopenia Permissive cells PKR Sickle cell disease Telomerase Tropism Uncoating FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS • Parvoviruses are among the smallest known viruses because their 5 kb DNA is single-stranded, and can therefore be packaged very compactly. • Parvovirus replication depends on the cell entering S phase. • Autonomous Parvoviruses replicate in cells that normally cycle and therefore frequently enter S phase. covered here, the densoviruses, infect invertebrate spe- cies. But there is just one Parvovirus known to cause dis- ease in humans, and that is the B19 virus. B19 was discovered by accident during screening of blood donations. It was then realized that this virus was associated with a serious illness—aplastic crisis in anemia patients. B19 is very specific for a particular cell type, infecting the rapidly dividing erythroid precur- sors of red blood cells. The infection causes an acute but relatively short-lived reduction in red cell produc- tion in the bone marrow. In a healthy person this is not serious. But in patients with a hemolytic anemia, for example sickle cell disease, the red cells have a much shorter lifespan in the blood.
eBook - ePub- Karl Maramorosch, Edouard Kurstak(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
CHAPTER 2Small DNA Viruses
M. DAVID HOGGANPublisher Summary
This chapter discusses the specific properties of various Parvoviruses and Parvovirus candidates. It discusses the classification and nomenclature of viruses. The detailed classification of the small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses has as yet not been finalized; however, the generic name, that is, Parvovirus has been approved by the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses, while the name, picodnavirus has not. One property that seems to hold true for most Parvovirus candidates, which may relate to the osteolytic activity of some of its members, is that they all seem to require actively multiplying cells for replication. Either non-confluent actively dividing primary cultures or, in some cases, malignant cells that are not susceptible to contact inhibition have been shown to satisfy this requirement for a number of the Parvovirus candidates. One characteristic of the adeno-associated viruses (AAV) subgroup, which on the surface sets it apart from other members of the group, is its dependence on adenovirus for the production of infectious virus.
- (Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Molecular virology Human Parvovirus B19 (B19) was first identified in 1975 by Yvonne Cossart ( Cossart et al., 1975 ). The virus was first associated with disease in 1981 when it was $ This chapter is dedicated to Ben. linked to an aplastic crisis in a patient with sickle-cell disease. Subsequently, B19 has since been shown to be the causative agent of erythema infectiosum (EI) (Fifth disease of childhood), spontaneous abortion and some forms of acute arthritis ( Anderson et al., 1983 ; Kinney et al., 1988 ; Woolf and Cohen, 1995 ). B19 is ap-proximately 20 nm in diameter, has a genome of 5.6 kb ( Clewley, 1984 ; Cotmore and Tattersall, 1984 ) and is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus. Like all Parvoviruses, the constituent capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2) are arranged with icosahedral symmetry. The B19 capsid consists of an 83 kDa low-abundance structural protein, VP1, and a 58 kDa major structural protein, VP2. VP2 makes up about 95% of total capsid structure with VP1 accounting for the remaining 5% ( Ozawa et al., 1987 ). The sequences of the two proteins are co-linear and the entire VP2 sequence is identical to the carboxyl-terminus of VP1. However, VP1 com-prises an additional 227 amino acids unique to the amino-terminal, the so-called VP1 unique region (VP1u). To the left of these sequences on the B19 genome is the open-reading frame for a non-structural protein, NS1 which encodes a 77 kDa protein. NS1 is a phosphoprotein with important regulatory functions including transcriptional control ( Momoeda et al., 1994a, b ), virus replication and also plays a role in host cell death ( Ozawa et al., 1988 ). NS1 also exhibits DNA-binding properties ( Raab et al., 2002 ), and a multitude of enzymatic functions including ATPase, helicase and site-specific endonuclease activity, as well as containing nu-clear localisation signals ( Li and Rhode, 1990 ; McCarthy et al., 1992 ; Jindal et al., 1994 ; Brown and Young, 1998 ).
eBook - PDF- Nigel J. Dimmock, Andrew J. Easton, Keith N. Leppard(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Blackwell(Publisher)
7.6 Replication of single- stranded linear DNA genomes Important viruses in this category • The autonomous Parvovirus B19, a human pathogen. • The defective Parvovirus, adeno-associated virus, which is being developed as a gene therapy vector. The Parvovirus family comprises both autonomous and defective viruses. The autonomous Parvoviruses, such as the minute virus of mice (MVM), package a negative-sense DNA strand while defective Parvoviruses, such as the adeno-associated viruses (AAV), package both positive- and negative-sense DNA strands in separate virions, either one being infectious. These defective viruses are almost completely dependent on co-infection with helper virus for their replication (either adenovirus or various herpesviruses can perform this function). Parvovirus genomes contain terminal hairpins (inverted repeats). Whilst the two hairpins have distinct sequences in the autonomous viruses, they are complementary in the defective viruses (Fig. 7.8). As discussed below, this difference explains why the two types of virus differ in the polarities of DNA strand which they package. A model for autonomous Parvovirus DNA replication is presented in Fig. 7.9 with some Chapter 7 The process of infection: IIA. The replication of viral DNA 101 Fig. 7.8 Schematic representation of the genome structures of autonomous and defective Parvoviruses. Complementary sequences are denoted A, A ´ , etc. evidence for it in Box 7.7. The essential first step in Parvovirus replication is conversion of the genome to a double-stranded form by gap-fill synthesis (Fig. 7.9 (a, b)). The terminal hairpin provides a base-paired 3 ´ OH terminus at which DNA elongation can be initiated without the need for an RNA primer. Once this is achieved, the replication mechanism is quite similar to that of the poxviruses. Displacement of the base-paired 5 ´ end allows synthesis to continue to the template strand 5 ´ end (c).
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