Biological Sciences
Plant Viruses
Plant viruses are infectious agents that specifically infect plants, causing diseases that can lead to reduced crop yields and economic losses. They consist of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and can be transmitted through various means such as insect vectors, contaminated tools, and infected seeds. Plant viruses pose a significant threat to agriculture and food security worldwide.
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5 Key excerpts on "Plant Viruses"
- Sinha, Asha(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Biotech(Publisher)
Chapter 14 Plant Viruses: The Small but Powerful Plant Pathogens Ranju Chutia and Basanta KBorah* Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat - 785 013, Assam Viruses are typically small pieces of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are obligate parasites, which cleverly uses the cellular machinery of their hosts to reproduce. Any living organisms including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria are potential hosts for viruses. Plant Viruses are encountered across varied climatic conditions ranging from subantarctic Macquarie Island (Stilbocarpa mosaic bacilliform badnavirus ; Skotnicki et al., 2003) to hot Saharan desert ( Groundnut rosette virus ; Murant and Kumar, 1990) etc. Plant Viruses have been studied for more than 100 years so far; however, most of the works are concerned with those that cause disease in crop plants. Therefore, it might not reflect an accurate picture of the true distribution of the Plant Viruses. At present, the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes just over 900 species of Plant Viruses. Like animal viruses, Plant Viruses are also tiny particles, consisting mostly of protein and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA). The protein coats of the viruses may be of different shapes such as rod-shaped, filamentous, isometric, quasi-isometric, bacilliform or other variants of these structures. The first plant virus to be discovered was Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in the last decade of the nineteenth century (see below). Viruses causing plant diseases are estimated to cause a loss of US$60 billion each year worldwide This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. (Wei et al., 2010). The known Plant Viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families.
eBook - PDF- S. Mukhopadhyay(Author)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
This Committee periodically assesses the development of this most dynamic discipline aiming to bring together researchers working on the epidemiology and control of Plant Viruses in a global forum to address, from a world perspective, past, current and future thrusts. The activities of this Committee have introduced several new dimensions to the concept of the traditional epidemiology such as ‘Molecular Epidemiology’. A reconsideration of plant virus epidemiology has also now become imperative because of the consequences of climate change on global agriculture, with ensuing changes in the cropping systems, host-vector-virus interactions, vector biology, and not least the introduction and movement of viruses and their vectors into new areas. Recently, advanced electronic technologies are being used to record the spread and assure bio-safety in some countries. Post-introduction mapping of plant virus spread can be done with GPS and GIS technologies that are currently practised by the USA National Plant Diagnostic Network, which provides a plant disease bio-security system now operating from five hubs in the USA. Gathering temporally and geo-spatially referenced diagnostic data is one of its roles. GIS is proving to be a powerful tool to provide maps that identify production areas with different degrees of risk for specific plant virus pathosystems. B. NATURE OF VIRUSES AND THEIR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the current record, there are 18 families and about 80 genera of viruses. Eighteen genera still remained to be assigned to specific families (Fauquet et al 2005). Epidemiology of the viruses belonging to these genera (vide Appendix I.6) differs widely. Some viruses are crop-adapted while others are wild plant adapted. There are also examples where the viruses are insect-adapted. Whatever their type, viruses are unable to move by themselves; most require vectors for their spread.
- Prasad, D(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Biotech(Publisher)
Chapter 10 Role of Biotechnology in Management of Plant Viral Diseases Anirban Roy * , P. Spoorthi, M.K. Bag, T.V. Prasad, M. Arivalagan, K.K. Gangopadhyay and M. Dutta National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi – 110 012 One of the land-mark events that occurred in the last century was green revolution, which was achieved due to meticulous research done by leading agricultural scientists worldwide. They made it possible by adopting an integrated approach of cultivation of high yielding varieties assisted by proper irrigation facilities and application of fertilizers. Nevertheless, plant viral diseases create major threat to crop yield and pose negative impacts on commercial agriculture across the globe and remains as a challenge to the plant biologists. Plants are susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses, among the biotic stresses Plant Viruses are the most important. Virus infestation of cultivated areas results in a range of effects, from reduced crop quality to complete plant devastation. Virus specificity varies greatly, with some viruses able to colonize different hosts, whereas others can only infect one defined species due to specific intricate interactions with the plant cell machinery. As a result of mutation in the viral genome, new virus varieties emerge, while others are excluded (Mangrauthia et al., 2008; Jones 2009). Conventional measures like crop rotation and other cultivation techniques, early detection, destruction of infected source plants, cross-protection, This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. breeding for resistance, and chemical control of their vectors have met with certain limitations and laborious.
eBook - PDF- Peter S. Carlson(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
192 ALBERT SIEGEL AND V. HARI VII. USES OF VIRUSES TO BENEFIT AGRICULTURE It might seem odd to discuss possible means by which viruses might serve to benefit agriculture, having just completed a consideration of the available and prospective methods for control of what are com-monly considered plant pests. However, virus infection does not al-ways lead to economic loss. There are a number of instances where a virus-induced leaf variegation and/or flower break adds considerable value to certain ornamentals. For example, several plant virology texts include reproductions of seventeenth century tulip cultivars whose characteristic striping pattern no doubt resulted from virus infection (1,2). Although this chapter concerns itself with Plant Viruses, mention will be made of the fact that increasing use is being made of animal viruses to benefit agriculture as specific biological control agents for insect and other animal plant pests. It is convenient to divide the ani-mal viruses into those that have vertebrate hosts and those that are more or less specific to invertebrate hosts. Among the latter (173), the greatest interest is focused on insect viruses and their possible use as specific agents to control insect pests of agricultural crops. Insect viruses fall into many of the same taxons as do vertebrate viruses. Prominent among these are the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses and the iridoviruses. The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses resemble the double-stranded RNA-containing viruses of vertebrates and plants in genomic constitution, structure, and morphology. They differ in being uniquely and characteristically embedded (or occluded) in crystalline inclusions, the polyhedra, composed of virus-specific proteins. Another group of viruses, the baculoviruses, are also occluded in pro-teinaceous structures. Thus far, they are of a type only described for insect hosts.
eBook - PDF- Irwin Rubenstein, Ronald L. Phillips, Charles E. Green, Irwin Rubenstein, Ronald L. Phillips, Charles E. Green(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
SECTION III Plant Viruses and Bacterial Agents This page intentionally left blank MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS REPLICATION OF RNA PLANT VIRUSE^ George Bruening Roger Beachy Milton Zaitlin Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of California Davis, California Among virologists it is the plant virologists who are most often privileged to study organisms with catchy names evoking firm visual images, such as: artichoke mottle crinkle virus pea ênation mosaic virus barley stripe mosaic virus pelargonium leaf curl virus chicory blotch virus plum pox virus cowpea mosaic virus potato yellow dwarf virus cucumber green mottle mosaic sowthistle yellow vein virus virus tobacco rattle virus grapevine fanleaf virus tomato bushy stunt virus maize rough dwarf virus tomato spotted wilt virus odontoglossum ringspot virus Currently, twenty groups of Plant Viruses are recognized (Har-rison et al· , 1971; Fenner, 1976), though four of these are considered to have only one member each. Other viruses, well characterized enough to be excluded from the twenty recognized groups, have not yet been assigned to groups. Plant Viruses with single-stranded RNA, with double-stranded RNA and with double stranded DNA in the virus particles (virions) are known; a few have a membrane. However, for most (e.g., members of eighteen out of the twenty recognized groups) Plant Viruses the macromolecular constituents of the virion are single strand-ed RNA and protein. Usually only one kind of polypeptide is present and this is designated the coat protein or the cap-sid protein. Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. ΊΛΛ All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ^ ISBN 012-601950-9 242 George Bruening et al PLUS-STRAND RNA VIRUSES It is the simple RNA viruses with a genome of single-stranded RNA which have been studied most thoroughly.
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