Bituminous Materials
Bituminous materials are a group of substances derived from crude oil and used in various engineering applications. They are commonly used in road construction and roofing due to their waterproofing and adhesive properties. Bituminous materials can be in the form of asphalt, tar, or bitumen, and their composition and properties can be modified to suit specific applications.
8 Key excerpts on "Bituminous Materials"
eBook - ePubMaterials in Construction
An Introduction
- G. D. Taylor(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...11 Bituminous Materials DOI: 10.4324/9781315839158-11 Chapter summary Types of bitumen and road tar. Principles of design of pavements. Asphalts and macadams. Surface dressings. Defects in bituminous pavements or surfacings. Bituminous products for roofing. 11.1 Introduction General usage of the term ‘bituminous’ covers products based on tar as well as those based on bitumen, though bitumen-based products are more widely employed in all forms of construction. The bituminous group of materials offers the following general attractions: Excellent resistance to absorption/passage of water. Good adhesion to many materials. Resistance to dilute acids and alkalis. Good flexibility at normal temperatures. Properties can be varied to suit application. Problems/disadvantages associated with Bituminous Materials are: They tend to become brittle at low temperatures and soft at high temperatures. They are subject to creep. They have low inherent stiffness and so must be carefully blended with harder materials where stresses are encountered. The enviornmental considerations for Bituminous Materials are given in Table 11.1. Table 11.1 Environmental considerations: Bituminous Materials Consideration Assessment Raw material. availability Manufactured from oil, or lake asphalt — limited supplies Extraction No specific problems Energy used in manufacture Moderately high chemical energy required Health/safety hazards Oil transportation carries risks; vapours can be harmful Recyclability Possible in large-scale applications such as roads 11.2 Bitumen (BS 3690) Bitumen consists essentially of hydrocarbons of varying molecular size which are soluble in carbon disulphide. The larger molecular weight fractions are of solid nature and these are dispersed in the lower molecular weight fractions which are either of a resinous or an oily nature. Bitumens occur naturally in the form of asphalts, which are mixtures of bitumen, minerals and water found in the form of rock or lake asphalt...
eBook - ePub- David Doran, Bob Cather, David Doran, Bob Cather(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...34 Bituminous Materials Geoffrey Griffiths FICE, FIAT Associate Director UK Infrastructure, Arup Robert Langridge BSc MIAT Asphalt Quality Advisory Service Bob Cather BSc CEng FIMMM Consultant, formerly Director of Arup Materials Consulting David Doran FCGI BSc(Eng) DIC CEng FICE FIStructE Consultant, formerly Chief Engineer with Wimpey plc Contents 34.1 History and background 34.2 Bituminous Materials: Types and definitions 34.3 Modified bitumens 34.3.1 Cut-back and fluxed bitumen 34.3.2 Bitumen emulsions 34.4 Classification of bitumens 34.4.1 Oxidised bitumen 34.5 Health and safety 34.6 Environmental impact of bitumens 34.7 Further technical advice 34.8 Bituminous Materials in building applications 34.8.1 Roofing and waterproofing 34.8.2 Below-ground waterproofing 34.8.3 Flooring 34.8.4 Protection coatings 34.8.5 Joint sealants 34.9 Bituminous Materials in trafficked. pavements 34.9.1 The basic pavement structure 34.9.2 Design methods 34.9.3 Standard specifications 34.9.4 Typical pavement types 34.9.5 Types of material 34.9.6 Materials definitions and testing methods 34.9.7 Manufacture 34.9.8 Failures and construction problems 34.9.9 Pavement management systems (PMS) 34.10 Further information and references 34.1 History and background Bitumen is one of the oldest known engineering materials and has been used from the earliest times as an adhesive, sealant and waterproofing agent. As long ago as 6000 BC, ship-builders in Sumeria used naturally occurring bitumen found in surface seepages in the area. In the Indus valley, now in Pakistan, there is a well-preserved water tank that dates back to around 3000 BC. The stone blocks in the walls of the tank are bonded with naturally sourced bitumen and there is a vertical bituminous core in the centre of the wall. This principle is still used today in the design of dams and other water-retaining structures...
eBook - ePub- Jamal Khatib, Jamal Khatib(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
...14 Sustainability of Bituminous Materials I. Widyatmoko AECOM, Nottingham, United Kingdom Abstract Bituminous Materials are one of the oldest and most widely used construction materials. While their components are obtained from finite resources, these materials have long been known as sustainable products due to their capacity to extend their serviceable lives through reclaim, reuse and/or the recycling processes. This chapter presents holistic aspects on the sustainability of Bituminous Materials, including their sources, processes, productions, standards, designs, good practices, and preservative maintenance. Future trends and challenges are also presented at the end of this chapter, highlighting opportunities and works to be done to accelerate implementation of the latest technologies which preserve the use of Bituminous Materials, while at the same time promoting the longevity of these materials in service. These works would also require closer collaboration between the industry and authorities to update regulations and approval systems. Keywords Bitumen; Rheology; Performance; Durability; Recycle; Preservative maintenance; Low temperature asphalt. 14.1 Introduction to Bituminous Materials Bituminous Materials, also known as asphalt mixtures, are amongst the oldest engineering materials. Their use as binding and waterproofing materials can be dated back to 3000 BC, and later the Romans developed roads in many parts of their empire, marking the first global use of bituminous binders in road paving technology. Eurobitume (2015) reported that over 90% of all the roads in Europe are surfaced with Bituminous Materials. Bituminous Materials (asphalts) typically comprise three major constituents: aggregates (80–95%), filler (2–8%) and bituminous binders (3–7%); additives are sometimes used to enhance the properties of the mixture...
eBook - ePubConstruction Materials
Their Nature and Behaviour, Fifth Edition
- Marios Soutsos, Peter Domone, Marios Soutsos, Peter Domone(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...Part IX Bituminous Materials Gordon D. Airey Introduction The term ‘Bituminous Materials’ is generally taken to include all materials consisting of aggregate bound with bitumen. Materials of this kind are used almost exclusively in road construction. However, bitumen is also used for industrial applications and other forms of construction. For example, bitumen is used in roofing materials, paints, carpet tiles and as a protective/waterproof coating. This part will concentrate on the use of Bituminous Materials in road construction. Prior to the use of bitumen, tar was the binder used in Bituminous Materials. The use of tar in road building materials began to grow significantly in the United Kingdom just after the turn of the century following the advent of the pneumatic tyre and the motor vehicle. Up to that time, roads were constructed following the principles developed by MacAdam using water-bound, graded aggregate. Under the action of pneumatic tyres and the higher speeds of motor vehicles, a great deal of dust was generated on macadam roads, which led to the use of tar as a dressing to bind the surface. Tar was eminently suitable for this purpose since it could be made sufficiently fluid by the use of heat to be sprayed, but stiffened on cooling. Furthermore, it protected the road from the detrimental effects of water. The benefits of using tar were quickly realised, and a range of ‘coated stone’ materials, or ‘tarmacadams’, were developed. References to natural sources of bitumen date back to biblical times. However, the first use of natural rock asphalt for paving roads was in the middle of the nineteenth century. The first refinery bitumens to be used in the United Kingdom came from the Mexican oilfields around 1913. But it was the opening of the Shell Haven refinery in 1920 that gave rise to the rapid development of bitumen for road construction. Bitumen was found to be less temperature susceptible than tar...
eBook - ePubRoadwork
Theory and Practice
- Malcolm Copson, Peter Kendrick, Steve Beresford(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...‘Good’ stone is, however, so limited in the quantity available, that it should not be used in situations where a poorer quality stone would suffice. 10.4 Bitumen 10.4.1 Derivation Bitumen is understood to be ‘a viscous liquid or solid material, black or brown in colour, having adhesive qualities, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons, derived from petroleum or occurring in natural asphalt and soluble in carbon disulphide’. The major proportion of road bitumen used in this country is derived from petroleum by a refinery distillation process. This is sometimes referred to as residual bitumen or as straight-run bitumen. 10.4.2 Rock Asphalt This usually consists of a rather porous limestone, or more rarely sandstone, naturally impregnated with bitumen with approximate proportions of 90% stone, 10% bitumen. It is now normally used only in mastic asphalt which is an expensive surfacing and, therefore, used only to a limited extent. See BS 1446 for more information about mastic asphalt. Blending of different rocks may be necessary to obtain the desired binder material. 10.4.3 Lake Asphalt This is a naturally occurring asphalt in which the mineral matter is finely divided and dispersed through the bitumen which is the major constituent. The whole mass is capable of flowing. Trinidad Lake asphalt is the only type used in roadmaking in Britain, being used, when suitably fluxed, mainly in rolled asphalt surface courses. 10.5 Sources of Refinery Bitumen Bitumen, produced by industrial refining of crude oil, is known as ‘residual’ bitumen, ‘straight-run’ bitumen or ‘steam-refined’ bitumen. The term ‘refinery bitumen’ is, however, the most descriptive and appropriate. Bitumen is produced from selected crude oils by the distillation of petroleum. The distillate is obtained by first heating to about 350°C under atmospheric pressure to drive off light fractions, e.g...
eBook - ePub- Yves Mouton(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ISTE(Publisher)
...It can also be used in the base course if we use the technique of grave bitumen. Before embarking on the study on bitumen itself, we need to clarify a few terminological elements, essential to all who are not familiar with the specific world in which this material is manufactured and developed. Figure 2.1. Typical section of a pavement 2.1. General terminology We have seen that hydrocarbon binders are organic binders used in road engineering, because, as all organic materials, they are essentially made up of carbon and hydrogen with small proportions of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur as well as trace metals. This family includes primarily: – bitumens, derived from the distillation of certain crude oils of essentially animal origin (transformation of marine sediments accumulated in lagoons, lakes and seas of the secondary era). This origin is confirmed by the presence, in crude oil, of compounds like cholesterol, which is the sign of animal origin, but also of small quantities of porphyrins, which are compounds derived from chlorophyll; it may be noted that the French word “bitume” is bitumen in English and bitumen cement (AC) in American English...
eBook - ePub- Alan Everett, C. M. H Barritt(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...11 Bituminous products The bituminous products comprise bitumen, natural or derivative, coal tar and pitch. Their general properties are discussed first, followed by a description of each material. 11.1 Properties Bituminous products are usually dark brown or black and composite products rely for any colour upon aggregate or pigments. By the addition of pigments to 'albino' bitumens, which are light grey, colours usually confined to reds and brown are possible. They resist the passage of water and water vapour. Materials applied hot or constituted with a solvent are likely to be more impervious than bituminous emulsions. To avoid flow, bituminous tanking materials must be supported by structural walls or floors in positions such as basements where water is under pressure. Although Bituminous Materials are combustible, composite products such as mastic asphalt and pitch mastic are not readily ignited and do not support combustion. In general, bituminous products are durable materials resistant to acids, alkalis, sugar, milk and brewing liquids and natural bitumens are more durable than derivative ones. Although pitch is more resistant than bitumen to fats and oils, contact with these should be avoided. Oil in floor polishes can be damaging and oil in ordinary paints causes crazing. Conversely, bituminous paints 'bleed through' ordinary paints. Bituminous products, particularly pitch, are damaged by heat and sunlight. Thermal insulation below roof coverings prevent heat being absorbed by the structure and the covering becomes hotter and is liable to deteriorate in consequence. To reduce this risk, exposed surfaces should be finished with a light-reflecting material, eg lime wash and tallow, suitable aluminium paint or with mineral particles or stone chippings. Bituminous products flow under mechanical stress, particularly at high temperatures...
eBook - ePub- Bahurudeen A, P.V.P. Moorthi(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...7 Bitumen 7.1 Introduction Bitumen is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude petroleum as an end product. Tar is obtained from the distillation of organic substances such as wood and coal. 7.2 Chemical composition of bitumen Bitumen has a complicated and variable composition. Chemical composition changes from bitumen to bitumen and is dependent on the origin of the crude oil. For that reason, a thorough chemical analysis of bitumen is difficult. Nevertheless, bitumen is considered a high molecular weight hydrocarbon and is generally represented as CnH 2 n + b X d, where X represents elements such as sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen or trace metals. 7.3 Structure of bitumen Bitumen consists of three main components in its structure: asphaltenes, resins and oils. Asphaltenes are solid particles in the bitumen and they are dissolved in the oil. Resins are the interface between asphaltenes and oil. Asphaltenes impart strength and stiffness to the bitumen. Oil imparts viscosity and fluidity to the bitumen based on temperature. Resins impart ductility and the adhesion property to the bitumen. Asphaltenes are dispersed particles, whereas oils are dispersant. Resins are interfacial. 7.4 Classification of bitumen based on structure Based on structure, it is further categorised as (1) sol, (2) gel and (3) sol-gel. If asphaltenes are widely dispersed (randomly), then it is called as sol bitumen. If asphaltenes are arranged in a three-dimensional network through molecular attraction, then it is called gel bitumen. If the behaviour is intermediate, then it is called as sol-gel bitumen; it means that the asphaltenes are arranged far and wide as well in the three-dimensional network. 7.5 Factors influencing properties of bitumen Temperature and manufacturing methods are the two primary factors. If temperature increases, then asphaltenes dissolve in the oil and resins, and hence bitumen becomes less viscous...
