Technology & Engineering
Titanium Alloy
Titanium alloy is a material made by combining titanium with other elements to enhance its properties. It is known for its high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high temperatures. These characteristics make titanium alloys valuable in various engineering applications, including aerospace, automotive, and medical industries.
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10 Key excerpts on "Titanium Alloy"
eBook - ePub- George E. Totten, Lin Xie, Kiyoshi Funatani, Lynn Faulkner(Authors)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
11 Designing with Titanium Alloys Michelle L. McCann and John FanningTIMET Henderson Technical Laboratory, Henderson, Nevada, U.S.A.I. IntroductionTitanium offers an excellent combination of mechanical properties, high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. These features, coupled with availability of product forms and ease of fabrication, have led to extensive use of titanium and its alloys in the chemical process industry, the aerospace industry, and numerous other industries. Titanium is now a standard material of construction.Successful utilization requires careful consideration of titanium’s unique characteristics at the design stage as well as during fabrication. Factors such as titanium’s high strength-to-weight ratio, low elastic modulus, corrosion and erosion resistance, its tendency toward galling, and its reactivity at high temperatures must be considered in order to optimize designs in titanium.II. Designing With TitaniumThe successful design of a titanium component begins with consideration of the environment to which the part is to be exposed. The corrodents present and maximum operating temperature (under upset conditions, possibly) will dictate which Titanium Alloy should be selected. The physical and mechanical properties of the alloy selected may, in turn, dictate some design features. For example, the ductility of an alloy limits the minimum bend radius, which is feasible for sheet, plate, or tubing. The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium often permits a zero corrosion allowance to be specified. This chapter will cover design parameters for commercially pure (CP) titanium (ASTM Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 11), Alpha–Beta Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V (ASTM Grade 5) and Beta Titanium Alloys Ti–15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al (Ti-15-3), Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al, and Beta 21S.
eBook - ePubLight Alloys
Metallurgy of the Light Metals
- Ian Polmear, David StJohn, Jian-Feng Nie, Ma Qian(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Fig. 1.6 ) and around 40% of titanium is used in this way globally. Another important property of Titanium Alloys is their superior resistance to corrosion, especially in corrosive media that contain chloride ions. Consequently, they have found essential applications in chemical processing, marine engineering, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and many other industry sectors. In addition, Titanium Alloy prostheses are commonly used for implanting in the human body today due to their excellent biocompatibility and bio-corrosion resistance in body fluids together with their relatively low Young’s modulus. This chapter will deal with Titanium Alloys for these applications and concentrate on wrought Titanium Alloys, which currently account for more than 95% of the titanium usage.Titanium has a number of features that distinguish it from the other light metals and make its physical metallurgy both complex and interesting.- 1. At 882.5°C, pure titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation from a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure (α) to a body-centered cubic (bcc) phase (β) that remains stable up to the melting point. The transformation temperature changes with the addition of alloying elements.
- 2. Titanium is a transition metal with an incomplete shell in its electronic structure, which enables it to form solid solutions with most substitutional elements having a size factor within ±20%. Also because of its electron configuration (3d2 4s2 ), titanium is paramagnetic as only some spins of its unpaired 3d electrons will be oriented by the external field.
- 3. Titanium and its alloys react with all interstitial elements, including oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen over a wide range of temperature, and the solubility of these interstitial elements can be signficant. For example, titanium can dissolve up to 14.25%O at 600°C and 7.6%N at 1083°C, which rarely happens with the other metals. Consequently, the oxide film or skin dissolves into the titanium matrix underneath as temperature increases.
eBook - ePubBiomaterials and Medical Tribology
Research and Development
- J. Paulo Davim, J Paulo Davim(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Wang et al., 2008 ). Therefore, many modification technologies, such as laser surface modification technology, anodic oxidation, ion implantation and deposition, are used to solve these problems.3.1.1 Titanium Alloys applied as biomaterials
The use of Ti has increased in importance since it was first applied in the aerospace industry in the 1950s. Nowadays, a large number of alloys with variable compositions and microstructures are available, and they can be employed in different fields, like in the manufacturing of aerospace components and orthopedic implant devices. Pure Ti and Ti alloys show very interesting characteristics, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, admirable corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility, which make such materials appropriate for use in orthopedic and dental implants. The use of pure Ti as a biomedical material began in the 1960s. Despite the fact that pure Ti shows superior corrosion resistance and tissue acceptance when compared with other biomedical materials, it has disadvantages in terms of strength and stiffness, and difficulty in polishing when applied as a medical metal (Iijima et al., 2003 ).In order to overcome such restrictions, Ti6Al4V alloy, which has higher strength than pure Ti and sufficient corrosion resistance, is used to substitute the pure Ti in medical applications (Chen and Gao, 2009 ). Ti6Al4V alloy is a representative α + β alloy type, where the α-phase is stabilized by Al and the β-phase is stabilized by V. Ti6Al4V alloy contains enough stabilizing elements to modify the α + β-phase field in such a way that both phases are present at room temperature. It is considered as a good surgical implant material; however, some studies found that this kind of alloy would release V ions in long-term implantation and V ions may react with the tissues in the human body. In addition, recent research has led to the conclusion that V is toxic to the human body. According to Ito et al. (1995) and Okazaki et al. (1996) , V can accumulate in some body parts, such as bone, kidneys and liver. Also, when compared with other metals like Ni and Cr, V may be more toxic. An interesting alternative to solve this problem is the replacement of V with Nb in the Ti α + β alloy type. Therefore, two new Ti alloys, Ti6AlNb and Ti5Al2.5Fe α + β-type alloys, were used to replace Ti6Al4V alloy. As compared with Ti6Al4V alloy, due to the lower Ti concentrations, the Ti–Al–Nb alloys are considered as one of the most attractive materials for biomedical implant applications. Finally, the castings of these alloys show slightly lower strength and about 40% higher elongation (Iijima et al., 2003 ; Boehlert et al., 2008
- Dirk Lehmhus, Matthias Busse, Axel Herrmann, Kambiz Kayvantash(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
−3 ), approximately 60% less than that of iron. It is nonferromagnetic. Its melting point of 1668 °C is higher than that of iron. It has a pronounced high passivity, which gives rise to its excellent corrosion resistance to most mineral acids and chlorides. The outstanding properties of titanium are its inherent corrosion resistance and high specific strength. Various alloys of titanium can be adjusted by specific thermomechanical treatments to almost any desired combination of properties.Despite the excellent properties of Titanium Alloys, such as superior corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments and high specific strength, the high production cost of titanium has limited its application in transport [1]. While Titanium Alloys have found wide application in aerospace, particularly in components of the jet engine, so far only limited usage is found in automobiles. Another well-known application of titanium is in the marine area, for example, in submarines. Although Titanium Alloys could be used in the powertrain, chassis, and the bodywork of automobiles, up to now, titanium is incorporated only in luxury or sports cars. A wider distribution of titanium in mass production automotive applications would require drastic reduction in its price. However, a cost-effective manufacturing process for titanium is not yet in sight [2, 3].4.2 Fundamental Aspects
4.2.1 Phase Diagrams and Alloy Classes
Depending on the temperature, the crystal structure of pure titanium is either hexagonal (α-phase) or body-centered cubic (β-phase). The transition temperature from the α-phase to the β-phase at T = 882 °C is calledβ-transus temperature(Figure 4.1 ).Figure 4.1Allotropic phase transformation in pure titanium.The β-transus temperature is increased by α-stabilizing elements such as Al, O, N, and C or decreased by β-stabilizing elements such as V, Mo, and Fe (Figure 4.2 ). Furthermore, elements such as Zr and Sn are calledneutral
eBook - PDFLight Alloys
From Traditional Alloys to Nanocrystals
- Ian Polmear(Author)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
6 Titanium AlloyS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Stimulus for the development of Titanium Alloys during the past 40 years came initially from the aerospace industries when there was a critical need for new materials with higher strength: weight ratios at elevated temperatures. As mentioned in Chapter 1, the high melting point of titanium (1678 °C) was taken as a strong indication that the alloys would show good creep strengths over a wide temperature range. Although subsequent investigations revealed that this temperature range was narrower than expected, Titanium Alloys now occupy a critical position in the materials inventory of the aerospace indus-tries (see Fig. 1.6) and around 50% of titanium is used in this way. More recently the importance of these alloys as corrosion-resistant materials has been appreciated by the chemical industry as well as by the medical profes-sion which uses Titanium Alloy prostheses for implanting in the human body. It is proposed to consider the alloys with respect to these applications and to concentrate on wrought products as Titanium Alloy castings amount to less than 2% of titanium metal. Titanium has a number of features that distinguish it from the other light metals and which make its physical metallurgy both complex and interesting. 1. At 882.5 °C, titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation from a low-temperature, hexagonal close-packed structure ( ) to a body-centred cubic ( ) phase that remains stable up to the melting point. This transformation offers the prospect of having alloys with , or mixed / microstructures and, by analogy with steels, the possibility of using heat treatment to extend further the range of phases that may be formed. 2. Titanium is a transition metal with an incomplete shell in its electronic struc-ture which enables it to form solid solutions with most substitional elements having a size factor within 20%. 299
- Krishnan K. Sankaran, Rajiv S. Mishra(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
Advanced Materials and Processes. 2016;174(5):37–39.[4] Boeing 787 – from the ground up. Aero Quarterly, A Publication of the Boeing Company, Quarter. 2006;4:17–23.[5] Polmear I, St. John D. Titanium Alloys. In: Light Alloys: From Traditional Alloys to Nanocrystals. Elsevier; 2006:299–365.[6] Collings E.W. Introduction to Titanium Alloy design. In: Walter J.L, Jackson M.R, Sims C.T, eds. Alloying. ASM International; 1988:257–370.[7] Collings E.W. Physical metallurgy of Titanium Alloys, Section 2. Classification of Titanium Alloys. In: Welsch G, Boyer R, Collings E.W, eds. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. ASM International; 1994:5–11.[8] Peters M, Hemptenmacher J, Kumpfert J, Leyens C. Structure and properties of titanium and Titanium Alloys. In: Leyens C, Peters M, eds. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Wiley; 2003:1–36.[9] Lutjering G.J, Williams J.C. Fundamental aspects. In: Titanium. Springer; 2007:15–52.[10] Froes F.H. Principles of alloying titanium. In: Titanium – Physical Metallurgy, Processing and Applications. ASM International; 2015:51–74.[11] Froes F.H. Principles of beta transformation and heat treatment of Titanium Alloys. In: Titanium – Physical Metallurgy, Processing and Applications. ASM International; 2015:75–94.[12] Rosenberg H.W. Titanium Alloying in theory and practice. In: Jaffee R.I, Promisel N.E, eds. The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium. Pergamon Press; 1968:851–859.[13] Cotton J.D, Briggs R.D, Boyer R.R, Tamirisakandala S, Russo P, Shchentikov N, Fanning J.C. State of the art in beta Titanium Alloys for airframe applications. JOM. 2015;67(6):1281–1303.[14] Titanium Alloy Guide, RMI Titanium Company technical data document.[15] Abkowitz S. The emergence of the titanium industry and the development of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. JOM Monograph, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, PA
eBook - PDFTitanium and Titanium Alloys
Fundamentals and Applications
- Christoph Leyens, Manfred Peters, Christoph Leyens, Manfred Peters(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
The processing techniques of rapid solidification and mechanical alloying extend the spectrum of potential alloy compositions. Hot-isostatic pressing minimizes defects in cast or powder metallurgy based components. The third option is beyond the limits of metallurgy alone. Here different materi- als are combined to create a composite with superior behavior. The properties of the new compound often follow a simple rule-of-mixtures of the individual com- ponent properties. In this case Titanium Alloys and aluminides are strengthened with particles or fibers to become metal-matrix composites (MMCs). Apart from the nature, volume fraction, and orientation of the strengthening component, and also the matrix material itself, the boundaries between matrix and reinforcement have a major influence on the mechanical behavior of the composite. In Chapter 12 one prospective composite – SiC long fiber reinforced Titanium Alloys – is de- scribed in more detail. In the final part of this chapter some examples will be given to demonstrate how individual properties of Titanium Alloys can be selectively improved by either alloying, processing, or by use of composites. Although in each case only one sin- gle property aspect will be stressed, the authors are aware that the optimization of a real component always concerns many properties. 1 Structure and Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys 26 Fig. 1.17 Ways to modify the properties of Titanium Alloys. (microstructure) ordered structure 1.10.1 Strength Of all metallic materials, only the highest strength steels have a higher specific strength than Titanium Alloys. The yield strength values of conventional Titanium Alloys range between about 800 and 1200 MPa, with metastable b alloys showing the highest values. For special applications – e.g. bolt or screw fasteners – the high- est tensile and fatigue strengths are required.
eBook - ePub- Francis Froes, Ma Qian(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Titanium Powder Metallurgy: Science, Technology and Applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier; 2015 (Chapter 24).[35] Qian M., Xu W., Brant M., Tang H.P. Additive manufacturing and post-processing of Ti-6Al-4V for superior mechanical properties. MRS Bull. 2016;41:775–783.[36] Tang H.P., Wang Q.B., Yang G.Y., Gu J., Liu N., Jia L., Qian M. A honeycomb-structured Ti-6Al-4V oil-gas separation rotor additively manufactured by selective electron beam melting for aero-engine applications. JOM. 2016;68(3):799–805.[37] Dutta B., Froes F.H. Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys. Elsevier Publishing; 2016.
Passage contains an image 1.3The molecular orbital approach and its application to biomedical Titanium Alloy design
M. Morinaga Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagoya, JapanAbstract
Recently, the molecular orbital approach to alloy design has made remarkable progress. This approach is constructed on the basis of the electronic structure calculations of alloys by using the DV-Xα cluster method. New alloying parameters are determined for the first time from the calculations of Titanium Alloys and employed for predicting phase stability and alloy properties in a reasonable manner. For example, it is shown that any Titanium Alloy can be classified into either the α, α + β, or β type from the alloy composition by using the alloying parameters. The corrosion resistance is also treated along this approach. A concrete way of alloy design is explained using an example of high-strength β-type Ti alloys. Then, practical alloy design based on this approach is reviewed, focusing on the biomedical Titanium Alloys. Recent progress in this approach is also presented to design Titanium Alloys for biomedical applications.
eBook - ePub- Sachin Salunkhe, Sergio T. Amancio-Filho, J. Paulo Davim(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Therefore, the choice of materials is significant and needs to be prioritized. Such material should have the following advantages in the human body fluid environment, including great corrosion resistance, high strength, low Young's modulus, good wear resistance and no cytotoxicity. So far, three common metals have been used for implants, that is stainless steel, Co-based alloys and Titanium Alloys [1]. Titanium Alloys have been extensively studied based on excellent mechanical properties such as lightweight, high strength, corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility and low modulus [2]. Conventional Titanium Alloy manufacturing methods such as casting and powder metallurgy need subsequent mechanical processing, consuming more time and energy. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the powder bed fusion technologies based on the principle of melting stationary metal powder in a so-called powder bed, using a laser as an energy source [3] as shown in Fig. 7.1. After the first layer of the metal powder has been melted, the metal powder is again spread with special blades across the powder bed in a predefined thickness, and the melting process starts over again, in a layer-by-layer manner. Figure 7.1 Additive manufacturing techniques for powders [4, 5]. Product is formed by repeating this process of spreading and melting the metal powder. The Titanium Alloy's most researched and widely used conventionally and additively manufactured is Ti6Al4V. By alloying titanium with aluminium and vanadium, mechanical properties can be increased [6]. Systematic experimental data and knowledge on modelling monotonic and cyclic elastoplastic behaviour of SLM-ed titanium and its alloys are poorly available in the literature and very limited. Therefore, this chapter gives the mechanical properties of the most researched and widely used SLM-ed Ti6Al4V alloy, researched by different groups of authors
- Tetsuya Tateishi(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- World Scientific(Publisher)
Chapter 17 Titanium Alloys with High Biological and Mechanical Biocompatibility Mitsuo Niinomi Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan 1 Introduction The main metallic biomaterials are stainless steels, cobalt (Co) alloys, and titanium (Ti) and its alloys. Among these biomaterials, the biocompatibility of Ti and its alloys is the highest. Because Ti alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility and have high corrosion resistance and specific strength, which is the ratio of density to strength, strength/density, the demand for Ti alloys as biomaterials has increased, and extensive research and development on the use of Ti alloys for biomedical applications is being carried out. Among the current practical Ti alloys available for biomedical applications, Ti-6Al-4V ELI is the most widely used. Ti-6Al-4V ELI was initially used for aerospace applications and then for surgical applications. It was found that vanadium (V) present in Ti-6Al-4V ELI was toxic for surgical applications; however, no problems have been encountered. Therefore, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe where V in Ti-6Al-4V ELI is replaced with Nb or Fe, which are nontoxic elements that act as β -stabilizing elements, similar to V, have been developed. Among these alloys, the demand for Ti-6Al-7Nb is gradually increasing. Ti-15Sn-Nb-Ta-Pd and Ti-15Zr-Nb-Ta-Pd have also been developed [1]. Finally, many low-modulus β -type Ti alloys, whose Young’s moduli are relatively close to that of the cortical bone (10–30 GPa), have been developed. Since most of these alloys are designed considering both biological and mechanical biocompatibility, they are composed of nontoxic and allergy-free elements. Recently, researchers have attempted to develop Ti alloys that have functionality as well as biological and mechanical
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