These uprisings reverberated around the world. Political and religious authority was being questioned in favor of publicly corroborated ideas, secularism, and societal progress. This progress was mirrored by the Industrial Revolution, characterized by the arrival of urbanization, consumerism, and mechanization. Travel became faster and more accessible, towns became cities, and factory workers were employed by the thousands. In the Western world, this created a certain kind of modern society made distinctive by mechanism, rationality, and globalization.
Romanticism was a push against this progress. Broadly speaking, it shied away from this vision of society, instead reveling in solitude, subjectivity, and emotional expression. Rather than embracing the advances of modernity, Romanticism venerated a rural life, with close proximity to the natural world. In this way, Romanticism represented an outlet — a sort of counterculture — for those who felt unrepresented and unembraced by the modern world.
Key themes of Romanticism
Because Romanticism did not take place in one locale, and nor was it intentionally formed by an appointed group, it is best understood through the key themes and ideas that unite it in all its facets and iterations. In the following section, we will explore some examples of these central themes.
Nature
According to Romanticism, the natural world is a touchstone of beauty, truth, and imagination. In poetry, Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge wrote about trees, flowers and clouds while J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) and Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863) painted dramatic and richly colored landscapes. In all cases, the natural world played host to intense emotions and new ideas, acting as a place of refuge from the bustle of industry and mechanization. It is clear that nature was not only the object of admiration and wonder for the Romantics but the experience of the natural world was akin to spiritualism. Romanticism enacted a fundamental unity between humans and nature.
In science, Romanticists found that the prevailing position of the Enlightenment reduced nature to a mechanism; othering the natural world and trying to control it. Romanticism felt that empathy for nature — an understanding of its complex living processes — was an intrinsic human quality; that a oneness with nature was the essential human state. For German Romantic biologists like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, nature represented a crucial interface between subjective and objective realms; a dialectical synthesis between the sensory and the material. In this profound way, nature was central to the project of Romanticism.
Children
In 1762, philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau published Emile, or On Education. The fundamental position of this work is that human nature is inherently good, but that modern society has a corrupting effect. Rousseau writes,